Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacological, Physical, and Psychological Interventions for the Management of Chronic Pain in Children

ACT, acceptance and commitment therapy; BT, behavioural therapy; CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; JIA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis; PST, Problem-solving therapy; RAP, recurrent abdominal pain; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SCD, sickle cell disease; TTH, tension-type headache; USA, United States of America.

CI, confidence interval; I², heterogeneity; RD, risk difference; RR, risk ratio; SMD, standardised mean difference.

Authors and Disclosures

Emma Fisher^a,b,*, Gemma Villanueva^c, Nicholas Henschke^c, Sarah J. Nevitt^d, William Zempsky^e, Katrin Probyn^c, Brian Buckley^c, Tess E. Cooper^f,g, Navil Sethna^h,i and Christopher Eccleston<sup>a,b,j

a</sup>Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom, ^bCochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Review Group, Oxford, United Kingdom, ^cCochrane Response, London, United Kingdom, ^dDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool United Kingdom, ^eDivision of Pain and Palliative Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford, CT, United States, ^fCochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia, ^gSydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Australia, ^hDepartment of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ⁱDepartment of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ^jDepartment of Experimental- Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

*Corresponding author
Address: Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Tel.:144(0)1225 384076. E-mail address: e.a.fisher@bath.ac.uk (E. Fisher).

Conflict of interest statement
E. Fisher, G. Villanueva, N. Henschke, K Probyn, B. Buckley, and C. Eccleston report funding from the World Health Organisation during the conduct of the study. W. Zempsky is a consultant for GSK, GlycoMimetics, and the Institute for Advanced Clinical Trials for Children. He receives funding form the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Defence. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Authors contributions
E. Fisher conceptualised the systematic review, screened abstracts, extracted data, assessed risk of bias and certainty of evidence, conducted analyses, and wrote the first draft. G. Villanueva contributed to study design, abstract and full-text screening, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, data analysis and interpretation, and drafting and editing the final manuscript. N. Henschke contributed to study design, abstract and full-text screening, risk of bias assessment, data analysis and interpretation, and drafting and editing the final manuscript. S.J. Nevitt provided statistical advice, assessed certainty of evidence, interpreted data, and contributed to writing the review. W. Zempsky advised on chronic pain and drug classifications, interpreted data, and contributed to writing the review. K. Probyn screened abstracts and full texts, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and drafting and editing the final manuscript. B. Buckley screened abstracts and full texts, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, data analysis and interpretation, and drafting and editing the final manuscript. T.E. Cooper screened abstracts and full texts, extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and contributed to writing the review. N. Sethna interpreted data and contributed to writing the review. C. Eccleston oversaw the systematic review, acted as arbitrator when disagreements arose, interpreted data, and contributed to writing the review.

Appendix A. Supplemental Digital Content

Supplemental digital content associated with this article can be found online at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B369, https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B370, https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B371, and https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B372.