Antiviral |
Subtype |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
ASC09 |
Protease inhibitor |
None reported |
China – NCT04261907 (N/A), NCT04261270 (Phase 3) |
Azvudine |
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [36] |
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy |
China – ChiCTR2000030487 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030424 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030041 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029853 (N/A) |
Baloxavir marboxil |
Endonuclease inhibitor |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000029544 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029548 (Phase 0) |
Cobicistat [60] |
Protease inhibitor; CYP450 inhibitor |
None reported |
China – NCT04252274 (Phase 3), ChiCTR2000029541 (N/A) Spain – NCT04304053 (Phase 3) |
Daclatasvir |
NS5A inhibitor |
None reported |
Iran – IRCT20200128046294N2 (Phase 3) |
Darunavir [60] |
Protease inhibitor |
None reported |
China – NCT04252274 (Phase 3), ChiCTR2000029541 (N/A), NCT04291729 (Phase 4) Spain – NCT04304053 (Phase 3) Thailand – NCT04303299 (Phase 3) |
Danoprevir [61] |
Protease inhibitor |
Dry eye |
China – ChiCTR2000030472 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030259 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030000 (Phase 4) |
Emtricitabine |
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy |
China – ChiCTR2000029468 (N/A) |
Favipiravir |
RNA polymerase inhibitor |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000029600 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029544 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029548 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030113 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030254 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030987 (Phase 2/3), NCT04310228 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029996 (Phase 2) Japan – JPRN-jRCTs041190120 (Phase 2) Thailand – NCT04303299 (Phase 3) |
Ledipasvir [37] |
NS5A inhibitor |
Posterior uveitis |
Iran – IRCT20100228003449N29 (Phase 2/3) |
Lopinavir [62] |
Protease inhibitor |
Uveitis |
China – ChiCTR2000029609 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029600 (Phase 0), NCT04261907 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029548 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029541 (N/A), NCT04291729 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000030535 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029308 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030187 (Phase 0), NCT04251871 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029468 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030166 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030218 (N/A), NCT04252885 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029539 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029496 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029387 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029400 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029573 (Phase 4), NCT04255017 (Phase 4), NCT04275388 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029741 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029867 (Phase 4), NCT04286503 (Phase 4) France – 2020-000936-23 (Phase 3), NCT04315948 (Phase 3) Hong Kong – NCT04276688 (Phase 2) Iran – IRCT20100228003449N27 (Phase 2/3), IRCT20100228003449N28 (Phase 2/3), IRCT20100228003449N29 (Phase 2/3) Japan – JPRN-jRCTs031190227 (Phase 2) South Korea – NCT04307693 (Phase 2) Thailand – NCT04303299 (Phase 3) United Kingdom – 2020-001113-21 (Phase 2/3) |
Oseltamivir [39] |
Neuraminidase inhibitor |
Acute angle closure glaucoma |
China – NCT04261270 (Phase 3), NCT04255017 (Phase 4) Thailand – NCT04303299 (Phase 3) |
Sofosbuvir [37] |
NS5B inhibitor |
Posterior uveitis |
Iran – IRCT20100228003449N29 (Phase 2/3), IRCT20200128046294N2 (Phase 3) |
Remdesivir [35] |
RNA polymerase inhibitor |
None reported |
China – NCT04252664 (Phase 3) France – 2020-000936-23 (Phase 3), NCT04315948 (Phase 3) United States – NCT04302766 (Phase 3), NCT04292899 (Phase 3), NCT04292730 (Phase 3), NCT04280705 (Phase 3) Worldwide – 2020-000841-15 (Phase 3), 2020-000842-32 (Phase 3) |
Ribavirin [40,63] |
Nucleoside inhibitor |
Retinal vein thrombosis, dry eye |
China – ChiCTR2000030922 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029387 (N/A) Hong Kong – NCT04276688 (Phase 2) |
Ritonavir [62] |
Protease inhibitor; CYP450 inhibitor |
Uveitis |
China – ChiCTR2000029609 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029600 (Phase 0), NCT04261270 (Phase 3), NCT04261907 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029548 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030472 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030259 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030000, ChiCTR2000029541 (N/A), NCT04291729 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000030113 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029308 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030187 (Phase 0), NCT04251871 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029468 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030166 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030218 (N/A), NCT04252885 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029539 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029496 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029387 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029400 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029573 (Phase 4), NCT04255017 (Phase 4), NCT04275388 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029741 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029867 (Phase 4), NCT04286503 (Phase 4) France – 2020-000936-23 (Phase 3), NCT04315948 (Phase 3) Hong Kong – NCT04276688 (Phase 2) Iran – IRCT20100228003449N27 (Phase 2/3), IRCT20100228003449N28 (Phase 2/3), IRCT20100228003449N29 (Phase 2/3) Japan – JPRN-jRCTs031190227 (Phase 2) Thailand – NCT04303299 (Phase 3) South Korea – NCT04307693 (Phase 2) United Kingdom – 2020–001113-21 (Phase 2/3) |
Tenofovir |
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor [36] |
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy |
China – ChiCTR2000029468 (N/A) |
Triazavirin |
RNA polymerase inhibitor |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000030001 (Phase 3) |
Umifenovir |
Fusion inhibitor |
None reported |
China – NCT04273763 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030254 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030922 (N/A), NCT04252885 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029573 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029621 (Phase 4), NCT04254874 (Phase 4), NCT04255017 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029993 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000030082 (Phase 4), NCT04286503 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029592 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029803 (Phase 0) |
Antimalarial |
Potential mechanism |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
Chloroquine [47] |
Increases endosome pH, preventing virus–cell fusion; interferes with cell receptors of SARS-CoV [45] |
Corneal deposits, keratopathy, cataract, toxic retinopathy (parafoveal damage) |
Austria – NCT04351724 (Phase 2/3) Brazil – NCT04323527 (Phase 2), NCT04342650 (Phase 2) Canada – NCT04324463 (Phase 3) China – ChiCTR2000029609 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000030987 (Phase 2/3), ChiCTR2000030031 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029988 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029975 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029935 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029542 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029741 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000030718 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029992 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000030417 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029898 (Phase 4), NCT04286503 (Phase 4) Egypt – NCT04345419 (Phase 2/3), NCT04382846 (Phase 3), NCT04353336 (Phase 2/3) France – NCT04333914 (Phase 2) Greece – NCT04344951 (Phase 2) Iran – NCT04351347 (Phase 2/3) Israel – NCT04333628 (Phase 2/3) The Netherlands – NCT04362332 (Phase 4) Pakistan – NCT04346667 (Phase 4), NCT04351191 (Phase 4) Poland – NCT04331600 (Phase 4) South Africa – NCT04360759 (Phase 3) Thailand – NCT04303299 (Phase 3) United Kingdom – NCT04303507 (N/A) United States – NCT04341727 (Phase 3), NCT04349371 (Phase 2), NCT04333732 (Phase 3) Vietnam – NCT04328493 (Phase 2) |
Dihydroartemisinin [64] |
Antiviral properties unknown |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000030082 (Phase 4) |
Hydroxychloroquine [47] |
Similar to chloroquine |
Corneal deposits, keratopathy, cataract, toxic retinopathy (parafoveal damage) |
Austria – NCT04336748 (Phase 3), NCT04351724 (Phase 2/3) Brazil – NCT04321278 (Phase 3), NCT04361461 (Phase 3), NCT04384458 (N/A), NCT04322123 (Phase 3) Canada – NCT04324463 (Phase 3), NCT04324463 (Phase 3), NCT04329611 (Phase 3), NCT04354441 (Phase 2), NCT04330690 (Phase 2), NCT04371523 (Phase 3), NCT04374942 (Phase 3), NCT04321993 (Phase 2) China – ChiCTR2000029992 (Phase 4) ChiCTR2000029898 (Phase 4), NCT04261517 (Phase 3) Colombia – NCT04346329 (Phase 3), NCT04359095 (Phase 2), NCT04332835 (Phase 2) Czech Republic – NCT04339816 (Phase 3) Denmark – NCT04322396 (Phase 2), NCT04345289 (Phase 3) Egypt – NCT04361318 (Phase 2), NCT04383717 (Phase 3) France – NCT04371406 (Phase 3), NCT04347512 (Phase 3), NCT04325893 (Phase 3), NCT04347512 (Phase 3), NCT04347980 (Phase 3), NCT04328285 (Phase 3), NCT04372082 (Phase 3), NCT04341207 (Phase 2), NCT04344379 (Phase 3), NCT04345861 (Phase 2), NCT04333654 (Phase 1), NCT04315948 (Phase 3), NCT04356495 (phase 3), NCT04365582 (Phase 3) Germany – NCT04340544 (Phase 3), NCT04342221 (Phase 3), NCT04359953 (Phase 3), NCT04365231 (Phase 3), NCT04371406 (Phase 3), NCT04351516 (Phase 2), NCT04338906 (Phase 4) Greece – NCT04344951 (Phase 2) Hong Kong – NCT04350281 (Phase 2) Iran – IRCT20100228003449N27 (Phase 2/3), IRCT20100228003449N28 (Phase 2/3), IRCT20100228003449N29 (Phase 2/3), NCT04359615 (Phase 4), NCT04359316 (Phase 4), NCT04350671 (Phase 4), NCT04350684 (Phase 4), NCT04359316 (Phase 4), NCT04376814 (N/A), NCT04343768 (Phase 2) Iraq – NCT04343092 (Phase 1) Israel – NCT04323631 (Phase 1), NCT04355052 (Phase 3) Italy – NCT04363827 (Phase 2), NCT04366089 (Phase 2) Japan – JPRN-jRCTs031190227 (Phase 2) Jordan – NCT04374903 (N/A), NCT04354597 (N/A) Mexico – NCT04315896 (Phase 3), NCT04318015 (Phase 3), NCT04340349 (Phase 1), NCT04341493 (Phase 4) The Netherlands – NCT04362332 (Phase 4), NCT02735707 (Phase 4) Norway – NCT04316377 (Phase 4), NCT04321616 (Phase 2) Pakistan – NCT04351191 (Phase 4), NCT04346667 (Phase 4), NCT04328272 (Phase 3), NCT04359537 (Phase 2), NCT04370015 (N/A) Philippines – NCT04364815 (Phase 3) Qatar – NCT04349592 (N/A) Russia – NCT04347031 (Phase 2) Singapore – NCT04338698 (Phase 3), NCT04342156 (Phase 3) Slovenia – NCT04355026 (Phase 4) South Africa – NCT04303507 (N/A), NCT04360759 (Phase 3) South Korea – NCT04330144 (Phase 3), NCT04307693 (Phase 2), NCT04330586 (Phase 2), NCT04330144 (Phase 3), NCT04347915 (Phase 2) Spain – NCT04304053 (Phase 3), NCT04331834 (Phase 3), NCT04332094 (Phase 2), NCT04330495 (Phase 4), NCT04334928 (Phase 3), NCT04346147 (Phase 2), NCT04366245 (Phase 1), NCT04380818 (N/A) Switzerland – NCT04385264 (Phase 2), NCT04358081 (Phase 3), NCT04364022 (Phase 3) Taiwan – NCT04384380 (Phase 4) Thailand – NCT04303299 (Phase 3) Tunisia – NCT04377646 (Phase 3), NCT04349228 (Phase 3), NCT04351919 (Phase 4) United Kingdom – NCT04352933 (Phase 3), NCT04373733 (Phase 3), NCT04386070 (Phase 3), NCT04381936 (Phase 2) United States – NCT04341727 (Phase 3), NCT04363866 (Phase 4), NCT04353037 (Phase 2), NCT04351620 (Phase 1), NCT04345692 (Phase 3), NCT04329832 (Phase 2), NCT04333225 (Phase 2), NCT04382625 (Phase 4), NCT04334382 (Phase 3), NCT04363866 (Phase 4), NCT04336332 (Phase 2), NCT04370782 (Phase 4), NCT04369742 (Phase 2), NCT04372017 (Phase 3), NCT04371926 (N/A), NCT04329923 (Phase 2), NCT04318444 (Phase 2), NCT04358068 (Phase 2), NCT04347889 (Phase 2), NCT04381988 (Phase 2), NCT04353271 (Phase 2), NCT04341441 (Phase 3), NCT04344457 (Phase 1), NCT04334148 (Phase 3), NCT04345653 (Phase 2), NCT04374552 (Phase 2), NCT04372628 (Phase 2), NCT04335552 (Phase 2), NCT04328961 (Phase 2), NCT04363450 (Phase 3), NCT04350450 (Phase 2), NCT04363203 (Phase 3), NCT04334967 (Phase 4), NCT04332991 (Phase 3), NCT04352946 (Phase 3), NCT04374019 (Phase 2), NCT04344444 (Phase 3), NCT04370262 (Phase 2), NCT04335084 (Phase 2), NCT04379492 (Phase 2), NCT04362189 (Phase 2), NCT04328012 (Phase 2), NCT04354870 (Phase 2), NCT04342169 (Phase 2), NCT04334512 (Phase 2), NCT04354428 (Phase 2), NCT04373044 (Phase 2), NCT04328467 (Phase 3), NCT04349410 (Phase 2), NCT04308668 (Phase 3) |
Piperaquine [64] |
Antiviral properties unknown |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000030082 (Phase 4) |
Antimicrobial |
Potential mechanism |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
Azithromycin [43,51] |
Antibiotic to prevent secondary bacterial infection; some antiinflammatory qualities |
Conjunctivitis, color-vision defect |
Austria – NCT04369365 (Phase 2) Brazil – NCT04361461 (Phase 3), NCT04321278 (Phase 3), NCT04322123 (Phase 3) Canada – NCT04324463 (Phase 3) Colombia – NCT04359095 (Phase 2) Czech Republic – NCT04339816 (Phase 3) Denmark – NCT04322396 (Phase 2) France – NCT04363060 (Phase 3), NCT04371107 (Phase 3), NCT04344379 (Phase 3), NCT04345861 (Phase 2), NCT04365582 (Phase 3), NCT04359953 (Phase 3), NCT04365231 (Phase 3), NCT04371406 (Phase 3), NCT04347512 (Phase 3), NCT04341207 (Phase 2) Iran – NCT04359316 (Phase 4) Iraq – NCT04343092 (Phase 1) Israel – NCT04355052 (Phase 3) Italy – NCT04366089 (Phase 2) Jordan – NCT04374903 (N/A), NCT04354597 (N/A) Pakistan – NCT04328272 (Phase 3) Qatar – NCT04349592 (N/A) Russia – NCT04347031 (Phase 2) Spain – NCT04332094 (Phase 2), NCT04366245 (Phase 1) Switzerland – NCT04358081 (Phase 3) Tunisia – NCT04351919 (Phase 4) United Kingdom – NCT04381962 (Phase 3), NCT04381936 (Phase 2), NCT04373733 (Phase 3) United States – NCT04332107 (Phase 3), NCT04336332 (Phase 2), NCT04339426 (Phase 2), NCT04370782 (Phase 4), NCT04374552 (Phase 2), NCT04344444 (Phase 3), NCT04362189 (Phase 2), NCT04374019 (Phase 2), NCT04354428 (Phase 2), NCT04329832 (Phase 2), NCT04334382 (Phase 3), NCT04358068 (Phase 2), NCT04363203 (Phase 3), NCT04334512 (phase 2), NCT04341727 (Phase 3) |
Carrimycin |
Unknown |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000029867 (Phase 4), NCT04286503 (Phase 4) |
Interferon [43,44] |
Potential mechanism |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
IFNα |
Cytokine used for the treatment of viral infections and immunomodulatory activity [43] |
Retinal microvascular changes, retinal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, decreased vision, conjunctivitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, ocular pain, dry eye, uveitis |
China – NCT04320238 (Phase 3), NCT04273763 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029600 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030535 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000029989 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000030922 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030166 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029638 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000029387 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030013 (Phase 4) United Kingdom – 2020-001023-14 (Phase 2) United States – NCT04379518 (Phase 1/2), NCT04349410 (Phase 2/3) |
IFNβ |
|
|
Canada – NCT04324463 (Phase 3) France – NCT04315948 (Phase 3), 2020-000936-23 (Phase 3) Hong Kong – NCT04350281 (Phase 2), NCT04276688 (Phase 2) Iran – NCT04350671 (Phase 4), NCT04343768 (Phase 2), NCT04350684 (Phase 4), IRCT20100228003449N27 (Phase 2/3), IRCT20100228003449N28 (Phase 2/3) Spain – NCT04366245 (Phase 1/2) United Kingdom – NCT04385095 (Phase 2), 2020-001113-21 (Phase 2/3) Worldwide – NCT02735707 (Phase 4) |
Pegylated interferon |
|
|
Canada – NCT04354259 (Phase 2) China – NCT04254874 (Phase 4) United States – NCT04343976 (Phase 2), NCT04344600 (Phase 2) |
Antibody |
Antibody target |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
Adalimumab [38] |
TNF-α |
Optic neuritis |
China – ChiCTR2000030089 (Phase 4), ChiCTR2000030580 (Phase 4) |
Bevacizumab |
VEGF |
None reported |
China – NCT04305106 (N/A), NCT04275414 (Phase 2/3) France – NCT04344782 (Phase 2) |
Camrelizumab |
PD-1 [52] |
Iritis, uveitis, conjunctivitis, dry eye, blurred vision |
China – ChiCTR2000029806 (N/A) |
Eculizumab |
Complement [65] |
Excess tears |
France – NCT04346797 (Phase 2) |
Ixekizumab |
IL-17 |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000030703 (Phase 0) |
Meplazumab |
CD147 |
None reported |
China – NCT04275245 (Phase 1/2) |
Sarilumab [53] |
IL-6 |
Uveitis, retinal infiltrates |
Australia – NCT02735707 (Phase 4) Canada – NCT04327388 (Phase 3) Denmark – NCT04322773 (Phase 2), NCT04345289 (Phase 3) France – NCT04324073 (Phase 2/3) Italy – NCT04386239 (Phase 1) Spain – NCT04357808 (Phase 2), NCT04357860 (Phase 2) United States – NCT04315298 (Phase 2/3), NCT04359901 (Phase 2) |
Tocilizumab [53] |
IL-6 |
Papilledema |
Australia – NCT02735707 (Phase 4) Belgium – NCT04330638 (Phase 3) Brazil – NCT04377503 (Phase 2) China – ChiCTR2000030196 (Phase 2), ChiCTR2000030442 (Phase 0), NCT04310228 (N/A) Denmark – NCT04322773 (Phase 2) France – NCT04333914 (Phase 2), NCT04331808 (Phase 2) Greece – NCT04339712 (Phase 2) Israel – NCT04377750 (Phase 4) Italy – NCT04317092 (Phase 2), NCT04346355 (Phase 2), NCT04315480 (Phase 2) Malaysia – NCT04345445 (Phase 3) Mexico – NCT04363853 (Phase 2) Spain – NCT04332094 (Phase 2), NCT04335305 (Phase 2), NCT04380818 (N/A) Switzerland – NCT04335071 (Phase 2) Tunisia – NCT04361032 (Phase 3) United Kingdom – NCT04381936 (Phase 2/3) United States – NCT04331795 (Phase 2), NCT04377659 (Phase 2), NCT04356937 (Phase 3), NCT04320615 (Phase 3), NCT04370834 (Phase 2), NCT04361552 (Phase 3), NCT04349410 (Phase 2/3) |
Immune modulator |
Potential mechanism |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
CD24Fc |
Immunomodulator that may suppress expression of inflammatory cytokines |
None reported |
United States – NCT04317040 (Phase 3) |
IL-2 [43] |
Induces regulatory T cells to protect against lung injury |
Scotoma, palinopsia, loss of vision, pruritus |
China – ChiCTR2000030167 (Phase 0) France – NCT04357444 (Phase 2) |
Polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid |
Immunostimulatory properties |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000029776 (Phase 4) |
PUL-042 |
Immunostimulatory properties |
None reported |
United States – NCT04312997 (Phase 2), NCT04313023 (Phase 2) |
Ruxolitinib [66,67] |
JAK 1/2 inhibitor that could help hyperactivate immune system and clear virus |
Infection, eyelash growth |
Canada – NCT04331665 (N/A) China – ChiCTR2000029580 France – NCT04366232 (Phase 2) Germany – NCT04338958 (Phase 2), NCT04359290 (Phase 2) Mexico – NCT04334044 (Phase 1/2) Spain – NCT04348695 (Phase 2) United Kingdom – NCT04362137 (Phase 3) United States – NCT04348071 (Phase 2/3), NCT04354714 (Phase 2), NCT04377620 (Phase 3), NCT04374149 (Phase 2) |
Thalidomide |
Immunomodulating properties |
None reported |
China – NCT04273529 (Phase 2), NCT04273581 (Phase 2) |
Ulinastatin |
Protease inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000030779 (Phase 4) |
Plasma-based treatment |
Potential mechanism |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
Convalescent plasma |
Plasma and antibodies from patients who have recovered to provide passive immunity |
None reported |
Argentina – NCT04383535 (N/A) Bahrain – NCT04356534 (N/A) Canada – NCT04348656 (Phase 3), NCT04377568 (Phase 2) Chile – NCT04375098 (Phase 2), NCT04384588 (Phase 2/3) Colombia – NCT04332380 (Phase 2), NCT04385186 (Phase 2), NCT04332835 (Phase 2/3) Denmark – NCT04345289 (Phase 3) Egypt – NCT04383548 (N/A), NCT04348877 (N/A), NCT04376788 (Phase 2) France – NCT04345991 (Phase 2), NCT04372979 (Phase 3) Hungary – NCT04345679 (Phase 1) India – NCT04374487 (Phase 2), NCT04346446 (Phase 2) Indonesia – NCT04380935 (Phase 2/3) Iran – NCT04327349 (N/A) Italy – NCT04374526 (Phase 2/3), NCT04385043 (Phase 2/3), NCT04346589 (N/A) Mexico – NCT04333355 (Phase 1), NCT04381858 (Phase 3), NCT04356482 (Phase 1/2), NCT04357106 (Phase 2), NCT04358783 (Phase 2) The Netherlands – NCT04342182 (Phase 2/3) Pakistan – NCT04352751 (N/A) Saudi Arabia – NCT04347681 (Phase 2) Spain – NCT04345523 (Phase 2), NCT04366245 (Phase 1/2) Sweden – NCT04384497 (Phase 1/2) Switzerland – NCT04365439 (N/A) United States – NCT04343755 (Phase 2), NCT04353206 (Phase 1), NCT04355767 (Phase 2), NCT04373460 (Phase 2), NCT04364737 (Phase 2), NCT04362176 (Phase 3), NCT04343261 (Phase 2), NCT04340050 (Phase 1), NCT04354831 (Phase 2), NCT04385199 (Phase 2), NCT04374565 (Phase 2), NCT04359810 (Phase 2), NCT04377672 (Phase 1), NCT04344535 (Phase 1/2), NCT04376034 (Phase 3), NCT04355897 (Phase 1), NCT04323800 (Phase 2), NCT04361253 (Phase 3), NCT04333251 (Phase 1) |
Cytokine removal |
Potential mechanism |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50&&,54&&,58&&,59&&] |
CytoSorb |
Cytokine filtration device |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000030475 (Phase 0) Germany – NCT04344080 (N/A), NCT04324528 (N/A), NCT04385771 (N/A) |
MSC |
Immunomodulatory and tissue repair effects |
None reported |
Brazil – NCT04315987 China – ChiCTR2000030835 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029817 (Phase 0), NCT04276987 (Phase 1), NCT04288102 (Phase 2), NCT04252118 (Phase 1), ChiCTR2000030300 (Phase 1), ChiCTR2000030224 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030173 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030020 (N/A), ChiCTR2000029990 (Phase 1/2), ChiCTR2000030261 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030944 (Phase 1), NCT04302519 (Phase 1), ChiCTR2000029580 (Phase 0), NCT04273646 (N/A), NCT04269525 (Phase 2), ChiCTR2000030138 (Phase 2), ChiCTR2000030484 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030116 (N/A), ChiCTR2000030088 (Phase 0) Jordan – NCT04313322 (Phase 1) |
NK cells |
Lymphocytic cells can help augment body's natural antiviral response |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000029817 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030944 (Phase 1), NCT04324996 (Phase 1/2), NCT04280224 (Phase 1) Colombia – NCT04344548 (Phase 1/2) United States – NCT04365101 (Phase 1/2) |
Steroids |
Potential mechanism |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
Methylprednisolone [43,44] |
Immunosuppressive qualities to protect against cytokine release |
Subconjunctival hemorrhage, cataract, increased IOP, retinal embolic event, central serous retinopathy, keratopathy, infection, diplopia, papilledema |
Brazil – NCT04377503 (Phase 2), NCT04343729 (Phase 2) China – NCT04244591 (Phase 2/3), NCT04273321 (N/A), NCT04263402 (Phase 4) Italy – NCT04323592 (Phase 2/3) Malaysia – NCT04345445 (Phase 3) Puerto Rico – NCT04355247 (Phase 2) Spain – NCT04341038 (Phase 3), NCT04329650 (Phase 2), NCT04380818 (N/A) United States – NCT04349410 (Phase 2/3), NCT03852537 (Phase 2) |
Vaccine |
|
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
Ad5-nCoV |
|
None reported |
China – NCT04313127 (Phase 1), NCT04341389 (Phase 2), Canada – NCT04398147 (Phase 1/2) |
COVID-19/aAPC vaccine |
|
None reported |
China – NCT04299724 (Phase 1) |
mRNA-1273 |
|
None reported |
United States – NCT04283461 (Phase 1), NCT04405076 (Phase 2) |
Miscellaneous |
Potential mechanism |
Ocular side effect |
Country – trial number (study phase, if applicable) [50,54,58,59] |
Aviptadil |
Vasoactive intestinal peptide that protects against caspase activation in the lung and pulmonary edema |
None reported |
United States – NCT04360096 (Phase 2/3), NCT04311697 (Phase 2) |
Bismuth |
Possibly inhibits SARS-CoV helicase ATPase |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000030398 (N/A) |
Dipyridamole |
Inhibits viral nucleoside uptake and metabolism |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000030055 (Phase 4) |
GD31 |
Nucleoside analog |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000029895 (Phase 1/2) |
Lipoic acid |
Antioxidative properties |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000029851 (Phase 4) ChiCTR2000030471 (Phase 4) |
Losartan |
Angiotensin-II receptor blocker with potential protective qualities against lung injury |
None reported |
United States – NCT04349410 (Phase 2/3), NCT04340557 (Phase 4), NCT04311177 (Phase 2), NCT04312009 (Phase 2), NCT04335123 (Phase 1) |
Pirfenidone [57] |
Antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory properties |
Photophobia |
China – NCT04282902 (Phase 3), ChiCTR2000030892 (Phase 0), ChiCTR2000030333 (Phase 0) |
Sildenafil [43] |
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor – vasodilatory properties in the lung to protect against perfusion defects |
Photophobia, decreased color vision, conjunctival hyperemia, ocular pain, NAION, macular edema, increased IOP |
China – NCT04304313 (Phase 3) |
Sodium aescinate |
Protective against lung injury |
None reported |
China – ChiCTR2000029742 (Phase 4) |
Tetrandrine |
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive qualities |
None reported |
China – NCT04308317 (Phase 4) |
Tranilast [68] |
Inflammasome inhibitor |
Increased tears |
China – ChiCTR2000030002 (Phase 4) |
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