Nicotine dose, route of administration, and duration |
Species and age of nicotine exposure |
Behavior test(s) |
Main observation(s) |
Reference |
60 μg/kg, IV, 4 days |
Sprague Dawley rats, PND 28–32 vs. PND 86–90 |
IV self-administration of cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/inj), methamphetamine (0.02 mg/kg/inj), or ethanol (1 mg/kg/inj), 1 day each |
Adolescent rats pretreated with nicotine had increased initial acquisition of cocaine, methamphetamine, and ethanol compared to saline-treated adolescents and both saline- and nicotine-treated adults. |
86 |
0.03 mg/kg/0.1 ml, IV, 2/daily for 4 days |
Sprague Dawley rats, PND 28–32 vs. PND 86–90 |
IV self-administration of cocaine (200 or 500 μg/kg/inj), 5 days |
Adolescent rats pretreated with nicotine had greater reinforced responding for cocaine compared to saline controls and adults. |
87 |
0.4 mg/kg/day, IP, 10 days |
Sprague Dawley rats, PND 34–43 vs. PND 60–69 |
IV self-administration of nicotine (0.04 mg/kg/inj), 15 days |
Animals exposed to nicotine during periadolescence self-administered more nicotine than vehicle-exposed animals and animals exposed during postadolescence. |
99 |
0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg, SC, 2/daily for either 1 (acute) or 7 (repeated) days |
ICR (CD-1) mice, PND 28–34 vs. PND 50–56 |
CPP for cocaine (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.), morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.), and amphetamine (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.,), 3 days conditioning |
Adults exposed to nicotine during early but not late adolescence had increased CPP for cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine. |
103 |
0.5 mg/kg, SC, 2/daily, 7 days |
ICR mice, PND 24–30 |
Locomotor activity |
Adults exposed to nicotine during early adolescence had enhanced cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization compared to saline-treated animals. |
103 |
0.4 mg/kg, IP, 14 days |
Long-Evans rats, PND 28–42 |
Operant ethanol self-administration: 8-day ethanol fading procedure (2-8% v/v) |
Adults exposed to nicotine during adolescence had increased ethanol self-administration and altered GABA transmission and chloride homeostasis in the ventral tegmental area compared to adolescent and adult saline exposure and adult nicotine exposure. |
104 |
0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg/kg, SC, 10 days |
Wistar rats, 150 grams (age not specified) |
Operant ethanol self-administration (12% v/v) |
Nicotine pretreatment at a higher dose initially suppressed alcohol consumption but stimulated alcohol consumption on repeated treatment. |
113 |
0.4 mg/kg, IP, 7 days |
Sprague-Dawley rats, ~PND 30–37 vs. ~PND 60–67 (based on body weight) |
Locomotor activity |
Nicotine increased locomotor activity in all animals. Adolescent rats pretreated with nicotine had sensitization to nicotine-induced repetitive motion over the 7-day nicotine treatment period. Adolescent, but not adult, rats had increased amounts of cocaine-induced repetitive motion after nicotine pretreatment. |
114 |
0.4 mg/kg, IP, 7 days |
Sprague Dawley rats, ~PND 30–37 vs. ~PND 60–67 (based on body weight) |
Locomotor activity, IV self-administration of cocaine (descending doses of 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.06 mg/kg/inj) |
Adult rats exposed to nicotine during early adolescence were sensitized to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine and self-administered a greater number of cocaine infusions than adolescent rats pretreated with vehicle. |
116 |
0.4 mg/kg, IP, 10 days |
Sprague Dawley rats, PND 35–44 |
CPP for cocaine (1 or 3 mg/kg, IP), 12 days alternating cocaine and vehicle |
Adult rats that received nicotine treatment during adolescence had enhanced preference for cocaine. |
117 |
0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg, SC, 16 days |
Sprague Dawley rats, PND 35–50 |
IV self-administration of methamphetamine (0.05 mg/kg/inj); methamphetamine-primed reinstatement (1 mg/kg, IP) |
Nicotine-exposed versus saline-exposed rats obtained more methamphetamine infusions. The high dose of nicotine had no effect on methamphetamine intake and neither nicotine dose altered methamphetamine-primed reinstatement. |
118 |
0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg, SC, 2/daily, 7 days |
ICR mice, PND 28-34 vs. PND 50–57 vs. PND 70–77 |
CPP for cocaine, morphine, or amphetamine |
Mice treated with nicotine during early adolescence, but not late adolescence or adulthood, showed an increase in CPP for cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine later in adulthood. |
151 |
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