Electroconvulsive Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia

Note: BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CI, confidence interval; ECT, electroconvulsive therapy; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; MD, mean difference; RR, risk ratio. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence. High quality: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate quality: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low quality: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low quality: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.
^a The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
^bDowngraded by one level due to risk of bias: high risk of bias with blinding of participants and personnel.
^cDowngraded by one level due to indirectness: scores from scale were employed as a surrogate index of the intended outcome.
^dDowngraded by two levels due to imprecision: low event rate.
^eDowngraded by one level due to heterogeneity.
^fDowngraded by one level due to imprecision: small sample size.

Authors and Disclosures

Diarmid J. M. Sinclair*^,1, Sai Zhao², Fang Qi², Kazare Nyakyoma³, Joey S. W. Kwong^4,5 and Clive E. Adams<sup>6

1</sup>Adult Mental Health, Rotherham Doncaster and South Humber NHS Foundation Trust, Woodfield House, Tickhill Road Site, Weston Rd, Doncaster, DN4 8QN, UK; ²Systematic Review Solutions Ltd, The Ingenuity Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; ³Derby City Acute Mental Health, Derbyshire Healthcare Foundation NHS Trust, Derby, UK; ⁴Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Japan; ⁵Department of Clinical Epidemiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Japan; ⁶Cochrane Schizophrenia Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

*To whom correspondence should be addressed
tel: 07790909544; e-mail: iarmid.sinclair@nhs.net