Conclusion
In summary, male gender is associated with faster CKD progression to ESRD when compared to females. Sex hormones and its receptors play a critical role in the progression of the damaged kidney through different pathophysiological pathways such as the RAS system, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Strategies aimed to enhance female sex hormones and decrease male sex hormones may exert a future positive effect on the damaged kidney.
Acknowledgements
None.
Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Feder, ISCIII, and REDINREN, Spain.
The authors are current recipients of research grants from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Feder, ISCIII, PI14/00557, PI17/00257, and REDINREN, RD16/0009/0013.
J.M.V. is currently receiving a research grant from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Feder, ISCIII, (RETIC RD16/0009/0011, PI15/00960); M.J.S. has received honoraria from Novo Nordisk. M.J.S. is currently receiving a grant (PI17/00257) from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Feder, ISCIII, and (RD16/0009/0013) from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Feder.
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2019;28(1):1-9. © 2019 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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