| |
Subjects and study design |
Nutrients/compounds |
Results/conclusion |
| Preclinical studies |
| Kang et al. [39] |
Experimental in-vivo study |
Lanosterol |
Lanosterol disrupts aggregation of human γD-crystallin by binding to the hydrophobic dimerization interface |
| Zhao et al. [36] |
Experimental – in-vitro and in-vivo (dogs) models |
Lanosterol |
Protein aggregation ↓ by Lanosterol in vitro. Lanosterol treatment could reduce cataract severity in vitro and cataract severity in vivo in dogs. |
| Randomized trials (primary outcomes) |
| Christen et al. [44] |
3925 women with no cataract; 7.3 years of treatment |
A supplement of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in combination |
No effect on cataract formation. ↑ cataract extraction in the treatment group (HR = 1.28) |
| Christen et al. [30] |
14 641 US male physicians aged at least 50 years. 11.2 years of follow-up |
Daily multivitamin or placebo |
Modest ↓ risk of cataract in the treatment group (HR, 0.91; P = 0.04) |
| AREDS2 (report no. 4), 2013 [24] |
4203 participants, aged 50–85 years. Median follow-up of 4.7 years |
A supplement of lutein/zeaxanthin 10 mg/2 mg |
No overall effect on rates of cataract surgery or vision loss. |
| Randomized trials (secondary outcomes) |
| Camacho-Barcia et al. [16] |
Dairy products intake of 5860 subjects (elderly Mediterranean population); 5.6 year (median) follow-up |
Consumption of total and specific dairy products |
↑ Cataract HR in second and third tertiles of skimmed yogurt intake (0.62 and 0.71, respectively). No significant association between total dairy products, whole and skimmed milk, whole yogurt and cheese consumption. |
| Camacho-Barcia et al. [12] |
5860 subjects (elderly Mediterranean population); 5.6 year (median) follow-up |
Dietary vitamin K1 intake |
↓ Cataract HR in the highest tertile of dietary vitamin K1 intake in comparison to lower tertile |
| García-Layana et al. [15] |
Mediterranean diet enriched with extra-virgin olive oil (n = 1998); Mediterranean diet enriched with nuts (n = 1914); control group on low-fat diet (n = 1890). |
Mediterranean diet enriched with either olive oil or nuts |
No effect |
| Observational, cross-sectional |
| Jee et al. [54] |
18 804 participants |
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels |
Men: ↓ risk, OR=0.76, highest quintile of serum vitamin D levels compared with lowest quintile. Women: no effect, OR = 0.86 |
| Meta-analysis |
| Wei et al. [42] |
Fifteen articles (20 studies) - vitamin C intake. Eight articles (10 studies) – serum ascorbate levels |
Vitamin C intake and serum ascorbate levels |
↓ cataract for the highest vs. lowest category of vitamin C intake (RR = 0.814). Cataract risk ↓ with highest vs. lowest serum ascorbate (RR = 0.704) |
| Zhang et al. [41] |
Twenty-seven articles |
Dietary vitamin E intake, supplemental vitamin E intake, and high-serum tocopherol levels |
Dietary + dietary and supplemental vitamin E intake along with high-serum tocopherol levels associated with ↓ risk of ARC (RR= 0.7, 0.86 and 0.77, respectively). Risk of ARC ↓ with dietary vitamin E intake from 7 mg/day (RR = 0.94) |
| Wang et al. [43] |
Twenty-two articles |
Vitamin A and ß-carotene |
Greater vitamin A and ß-carotene intakes are inversely associated with cataract risk |
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