Conclusions
The novel 3D box viewer, developed by the authors, has been objectively shown to improve surgical performance in a simulated TES scenario across all levels of experience. This study has highlighted the importance of different modes of displaying 3D images and is the first to directly compare different stereoscopic displays. Future developments for the box viewer include further improvements in the ergonomics by suspending it from an overhead boom arm. Five clinical TES cases have already been conducted at our institution using this box viewer, as part of a pilot study; however, further use in the operating theatre with detailed assessment will, of course, be required in the future.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the volunteers who kindly gave up their time to take part in the study.
Annals of Surgery. 2016;263(1):36-42. © 2016 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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