Author, Year |
Type |
Study Description |
Age; Sex; Race |
Independent Variables |
Outcome |
Confounding Factors |
Key Findings of Risk for EA |
Dong, 201258 |
PS |
6,159 elderly adults from CHAP |
≥65; 61% female |
Physical function |
EA |
Sociodemographic, medical conditions, depressive symptoms, social network and social participation |
Physical performance testing (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.06–1.19), lowest tertile of physical performance testing (OR = 4.92, 95% CI = 1.39–17.46) |
Dong, 201034 |
PS |
5,519 elderly adults from CHAP |
≥65; 61% female; 64% black |
Cognitive function |
SN |
Sociodemographic, medical condition, physical function, depression, social networks |
Executive function (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00–1.02) |
Dong, 201034 |
PS |
5,570 elderly adults from CHAP |
≥65; 66.9% female |
Physical function |
SN |
Sociodemographic, medical condition, depression, cognition, social networks |
Decline in physical performance (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.04–1.09), increase in Katz impairment (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03–1.13), Rosow-Breslau impairment (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.14–1.32), Nagi impairment (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.13) |
Tierney, 200743 |
PS |
130 community-living participants who scored <131 on DRS |
≥65; 70.8% female |
Executive function, judgment, attention and concentration, verbal fluency |
SN |
Age, sex, education, Charlson Comorbidity Index, MMSE |
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test recognition (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89–0.98), Trail-Making Test Part B (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00–1.02), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised similarities (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81–0.98) |
Tierney, 200490 |
PS |
139 community-living adults who scored <131 on DRS |
≥65; 70.8% female |
MMSE, medical conditions, medications, OARS |
SN |
Age, sex, education, international classification of disease, Charlson index, OARS, MMSE |
Higher MMSE score (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78–0.97), chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (OR = 7.72, 95% CI = 2.44–24.43), higher OARS score (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.66–0.89), stroke (OR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.20–7.96) |
Abrams, 200235 |
PS |
2,812 elderly adults from New Haven EPESE cohort |
≥65; 65.4% female |
Depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment |
SN |
Age, sex, race, education, income, marital status, living situation, medical morbidity |
Depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥16) (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.26–4.48), cognitive impairment (≥4 errors on the Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, OR = 4.63, 95% CI = 2.32–9.23) |
Lachs, 199742 |
PS |
6,222 elderly adults in EPESE cohort |
≥65; 64.8% female |
ADL impairment, cognitive disability |
EA |
Age, sexual, race, and income |
New ADL impairment (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.4–4.6), new cognitive impairment (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 2.0–12.7) |
Dong, 201433 |
CS |
78 older Chinese in United States |
≥60; 52% female |
Depressive symptomatology |
EA |
Sociodemographic, marital status, health status, quality of life, physical function, loneliness and social support |
Depressive symptomatology (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.23–3.48) |
Chokkanathan, 201426 |
CS |
902 older adults in Nadu, India |
≥61; 54.3% female |
Older adults: physically abuse family members Family members: age, education, alcohol consumption, mistreatment of other family members Environment: family cohesion, stress |
EA |
Older adults (age, sex, employment, dependency, physically abused) Family member (age, education, alcohol use, mistreat others) Environment (family cohesion, family stress, wealth index) |
Older adults: physically abusing family members (OR = 9.06, 95% CI = 2.82–29.04) Family members: middle age (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.01–4.23), tertiary education (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.11–0.97), alcohol (OR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.68–5.70), mistreatment of other family (OR = 6.24, 95% CI = 2.11–18.41), reported more conflicts with their family members (OR = 14.14, 95% CI = 6.63–30.14), low family cohesion (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.43–2.15) |
Dong, 201361 |
CS |
10,333 older adults in Chicago |
≥65; 39% female |
Elder self-neglect |
EA |
Sociodemographic, medical comorbidities, cognitive and physical function and psychosocial well-being |
Elder abuse (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.18, 2.59), financial exploitation (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.01, 2.95), caregiver neglect (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.24, 3.52), multiple forms of elder abuse (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.22, 3.48) |
Lichtenberg, 201391 |
CS |
4,440 older adults from Health and Retirement Study |
Mean 65.8; 61.9% female; 85.4% white |
Education, depressive symptoms, financial satisfaction, social needs |
Financial abuse |
Sociodemographic, marital status, CES-D, physical function, self-rated health, financial status, psychological factors |
More education (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.03–1.16), more depressive symptoms (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.01–1.18), less financial satisfaction (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.63–0.90), greater ADL needs (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.78–1.30), greater disease burden (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.88–1.21) |
Strasser, 201347 |
CS |
112 older adults who participated in legal program |
≥60; 68.2% female |
Sex, ethnicity, depression |
EA |
Sex, ethnicity, cohabitation, depression, visits to a mental health provider |
Male (OR = 5.54, 95% CI = 1.85–16.57), Hispanic (OR = 11.73, 95% CI = 1.06–130.06), depression (OR = 6.07, 95% CI = 1.54–23.09) |
Vandeweerd, 201348 |
CS |
254 caregivers and 76 older adults with dementia |
≥60; 59% female, 85% white, 10.3% Hispanic, 4.5% black |
Sex, functional impairment, dementia symptoms, violence by older adult, self-esteem, caregiver alcoholism |
Phy A |
Sex, number of dementia symptoms, level of functional impairment, violence by older adult, caregiver self-esteem, caregiver alcoholism |
Sex (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.42–0.95), functional impairment (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.09–4.91), dementia symptoms (OR = 4.82, 95% CI = 3.51–12.52), older adults used violence OR = 4.167 (2.18–8.40), depression (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.23–1.22), caregiver with high self-esteem (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.59–8.40) |
Dong, 201260 |
CS |
8,932 elderly adults from CHAP |
≥65; 76% female |
Physical function |
EA |
Sociodemographic, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke, cancer, hip fracture, depression symptoms |
Lowest level of physical performance testing: EA (OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 1.58–4.64) psychological abuse (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.27–5.71), caregiver neglect (OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 1.22–5.79), financial abuse (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.21–4.55) |
Naughton, 201224 |
CS |
2,021 older people in Ireland |
≥65; 55% female |
Mental health, social support |
EA |
Age, sex, income, physical health, mental health, social support |
Mental health below average (OR = 4.51, 95% CI = 2.22–9.14), lower social support (OR = 3.11, 95% CI = 1.29–7.46) |
Wu, 201221 |
CS |
2,039 adults in three rural communities in Hubei, China |
≥60; 59.9% female |
Marital status, physical disability, living arrangement, depression |
EA |
Education, living status, living source, chronic disease, physical disability, labor intensity, depression |
Not being married (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.40–2.40), physical disability (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.10–2.20), living with spouse and children (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.50–0.90), depression (OR = 5.50, 95% CI = 4.10–7.30) |
Yan, 201231 |
CS |
937 married or cohabiting older adults in Hong Kong |
≥60; 42.4% female |
Age, sex, education, income, living arrangement, chronic illness, social support |
Intimate partner violence |
Sociodemographic, living arrangement, immigrants or not, employment, receiving social security, indebtedness, chronic illness, social support |
Age (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95–0.99), female (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.59–1.08), education levels ≤3 years (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 0.96–3.47), no income (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.40–1.35), living with children (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.64–1.19), chronic illness (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.81–1.47), lower social support (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.77–1.77) |
Amstadter, 201192 |
CS |
902 community-dwelling older adults |
60–97; 59.9% female; 77% white, 17.3% black, 1.9% Native American, 0.1% Asian |
Functional status, race, social support, and health status |
Psychological, financial abuse |
Age, income, having experienced prior traumatic event |
Emotional mistreatment: low social support (OR = 3.51, 95% CI = 1.63–7.53), needing assistance with ADLs (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.06–4.93) Neglect: nonwhite (OR = 3.49, 95% CI = 1.37–8.89), low social support (OR = 6.74, 95% CI = 1.54–29.62), poor health (OR = 3.79, 95% CI = 1.46–9.81) Financial exploitation: needing assistance with ADLs (OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.17–6.48) |
Dong, 201116 |
CS |
8,932 elderly adults from CHAP |
≥65; 76% female |
Cognitive function |
EA |
Sociodemographic, medical conditions, depressive symptoms, social network, social participation |
Lowest turtles of cognition (OR = 4.18, 95% CI = 2.44–7.15), lowest levels of global cognitive function and physical abuse (OR = 3.56, 95% CI = 1.08–11.67), emotional abuse (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.41–6.44), caregiver neglect (OR = 6.24, 95% CI = 2.68–14.54), financial exploitation (OR = 3.71, 95% CI = 1.88–7.32) |
Friedman, 201141 |
CS |
41 elderly adults from trauma unit in Chicago and 123 controls from trauma registry |
≥60; 58.5% female |
Having a neurological or mental disorder |
Physical abuse |
Age, injury severity, hospital, length of stay |
Eurological or mental disorder (OR = 9.10, 95% CI = 2.50–33.60) |
Beach, 20104 |
CS |
Population-based survey of 903 adults in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania |
≥60, 73% female, 23% black, 73% white, 4% other |
Race |
Psychological abuse |
Sociodemographic, marital status, household composition, cognitive function, physical disability, and depression symptoms |
Black race (OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 0.55–9.62) |
Choi, 200949 |
CS |
Assessment of 2,005 samples reported to APS for self-neglect |
>60; 64.4% female; 44.2% white, 15.9% black, 27.5% Hispanic |
Economic resources, healthcare and social service programs |
SN |
Age, sex, race, marital status, language, living arrangement |
Economic resource deficit (OR = 4.60, 95% CI = 2.33–9.08), any ADL impairment (OR = 13.53, 95% CI = 5.52–33.14), cognitive impairment (OR = 11.39, 95% CI = 4.20–30.90) |
Dong, 20095 |
CS |
9,056 elderly adults from CHAP cohort |
≥65; 62.2% female |
Social networks, social engagement |
SN |
Age, sex, race, education, medical morbidity, physical function, depression, body mass index |
Lower social network (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01–1.04), lower social participation (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.09–1.22) |
Oh, 200922 |
CS |
15,230 older adults in Seoul, Korea |
≥65; 65.3% female |
Sex, age, support, physical function, health, living arrangement, economic level, family relationships |
EA |
Elderly: sex, age, education, economic capacity, ADLs, IADLs, sick days Family: household type, economic level, family relations |
Older men (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.21- 1.61), aged 65–69 (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.05–1.68), partially supported (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.57–0.96), ADLs (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.91–0.99), IADLs (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00–1.06), living with family of married children (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.16–3.32), lowest economic level (OR = 4.84, 95% CI = 3.03–7.75), good family relations (OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.01–0.04) |
Cooper, 200893 |
CS |
86 community-living adults with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers |
Mean 82.4; 69.8% female |
Caregiver: sex, burden Care recipient: behavioral, cognitive, physical function |
EA |
Caregiver: burden, anxiety Care recipient: receiving 24-hour care, ADLs, irritability |
Caregiver: male (OR = 6.80, 95% CI = 1.70–27.80), reporting greater burden (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.00–1.10) Care recipient: clinically significant irritability (OR = 38.30, 95%CI = 4.60–326.00), less functional impairment (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.00–1.20), greater cognitive impairment (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.00–1.40) |
Dong, 200894 |
CS |
412 individuals in n urban medical center in Nanjing, China |
≥60; 34% female |
Depression |
EA |
Age, income, number of children, level of education |
Dissatisfaction with life (OR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.51–5.68), being bored (OR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.53–5.55), feeling helpless (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.35–5.76), feeling worthless OR = 2.16, (1.10–4.22), depression (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.49–7.10) |
Dong, 200744 |
CS |
412 adults in a medical clinic in Nanjing, China |
≥60; 34% female |
Loneliness |
EA |
Age, sex, education, income, marital status, depressive symptoms |
Loneliness (OR = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.19–6.26), lacking companionship (OR = 4.06, 95% CI = 1.49–11.10), left out of life (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.01–2.84) |
Dong, 200744 |
CS |
412 adults in a medical clinic in Nanjing, China |
≥60; 34% female |
Age, sex, education, income, marital status |
EA |
Age, sex |
Aged 65–69 (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.45–1.37), female (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.01–2.38), illiterate (OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 1.43–6.45), no income (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.33–6.16), widowed (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 0.92–2.66) |
Ogioni, 200795 |
CS |
4,630 adults receiving home care in Italy |
≥65; 59.6% female |
Behavioral symptoms |
EA |
Age, sex, marital status, ADLs, cognition, delirium, depression, medical condition, loneliness, distress, social support, pain |
Behavioral symptoms (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.21–2.00) |
Sasaki, 200789 |
CS |
412 pairs of disabled older adults and caregivers in Japan |
Mean 80.5; 60.1% female |
Behavioral disturbance, adult child as caregiver |
Potentially harmful behaviors |
Severity of physical impairment, hearing problems, caregiver burden |
Greater behavioral disturbance (OR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.65–7.90), adult child as caregiver (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.23–5.89) |
VandeWeerd, 200648 |
CS |
254 caregivers and 76 elderly adults |
Mean 78.6, 59% female |
Age, sex, cognitive impairment, physical function, depression |
Psychological abuse |
Age, sex, race, dementia symptoms, functional impairment, depression, medication, verbal aggression, violence |
Age (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.31- 0.64), sex (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.04–5.34), number of dementia symptoms (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.15–0.88), level of functional impairment (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 0.61–3.85), depression (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.24–0.73) |
Beach, 200537 |
CS |
265 caregiver–care recipient dyads for impaired, community-dwelling family members |
≥60; 58% female |
ADL and IADL needs, caregiver cognitive impairment, caregiver physical symptoms, caregiver depression |
Potentially harmful behaviors |
Care recipient age, sex, education, cognitive status self-rated health Caregiver age, sex, education, self-rated health |
Greater care recipient ADL and IADL needs (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03–1.22), spouse caregiver vs other (OR = 8.00, 95% CI = 1.71–37.47), greater caregiver cognitive impairment (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.04–1.38), more caregiver physical symptoms (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01–1.13), caregiver at risk for clinical depression (OR = 3.47, 95% CI = 1.58–7.62) |
Chokkanathan, 200526 |
CS |
400 community-living cognitively intact older adults in Chennai, India |
60–90; 73.4% female |
Sex, social support, subjective physical health |
EA |
Sex, marital status, education, living status, subjective health, income, social support |
Female (OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.03–6.28), less social support (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.04–1.09), poorer subjective health status (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.43–7.42) |
Shugarman, 200346 |
CS |
701 adults seeking home- and community-based services in Michigan |
≥60; 71.3% female |
Memory problems, disease, abuses alcohol, not at ease interacting with others, expresses conflict with family or friends, indicates feels lonely, brittle support system |
EA |
Sex, cognitive symptoms, disease diagnoses, physical functioning, behavioral problems, social functioning, support |
Memory problems (OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 1.28–5.34), psychiatric disease (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.18–5.23), alcohol (OR = 10.26, 95% VI=2.73–38.5), not at ease interacting with others (OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.21–6.21), conflict with family or friends (OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.08–4.23), lonely (OR = 3.49, 95% CI = 1.70–7.18), brittle support (OR = 3.76, 95% CI = 1.58–8.93) |
Comijs, 199932 |
CS |
147 elderly adults reporting chronic verbal aggression, physical aggression, and financial abuse in Amsterdam |
≥65 |
Hostility and coping capacity |
EA |
Age, sex, other matching variables (Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Utrechtse Copinglijst) |
Verbal aggression: direct aggression (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.05–1.62), locus of control (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.01–1.41) Physical aggression: coping (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.01–1.51), avoidance (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.08–1.47) Financial mistreatment: indirect aggression (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.07–1.42), perceived self-efficacy (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02–1.20) |
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