Microbiome and Probiotics: Link to Arthritis

Mohamed K. Bedaiwi; Robert D. Inman

Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2014;26(4):410-415.

Conclusion

Microbiota have a substantive impact on the immune system development and it remains an attractive, but unproven, theory that predisposing genetic factors may interact with microbiota to trigger peripheral or axial arthritis. Table 1 presents a list of pathogens that have been linked to arthritis.

Our review summarizes the recent evidence of oral and lung organisms in relation to RA. Regarding SpA, the recent finding of a correlation of axial inflammation, as detected by MRI, with subclinical gut inflammation may support the previous finding of gut–joint interactions in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. More evidence is needed to confirm the impact of the role of microbiota in arthritis, and further studies are needed to evaluate the role of probiotics as a novel therapeutic modality for arthritis.

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Acknowledgements
None.

Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.

Table 1. Microbiome linked to arthritis
Bacterial species	Site	Arthritis	Reference
Prevotella intermedia	Oral	RA	[12–14]
Porphyromonas gingivalis	Oral	RA	[12–14]
Tannerella forsythia	Subgingivally	RA	[16]
Streptococcus Anginosus	Supragingivally	RA	[16]
Haemophilus	Lung	RA	[19]
Streptococcus	Lung	RA	[19]
Prevotella copri	Fecal	RA	[20]
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Fecal	AS and uveitis	[23]
Flagellin	Serum	AS	[39]