Towards a Brief Definition of Burnout Syndrome by Subtypes

Development of the "Burnout Clinical Subtypes Questionnaire" (BCSQ-12)

Jesús Montero-Marín; Petros Skapinakis; Ricardo Araya; Margarita Gili; Javier García-Campayo

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2011;9(74)

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence in favour of the criterial and construct validity of the brief typological definition of burnout established in BCSQ-12. This questionnaire can be a very useful instrument for future evaluation and also for designing interventions, as it provides an approach to the syndrome focusing on the identification of the type of dissatisfaction and discomfort experienced.

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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions
JMM, JGC, PS, RA and MG conceived the study design. JMM and JGC collected the data, JMM, PS, JGC and RA conducted the statistical analysis, REDIAPP has given scientific and statistical support over the research study and all authors contributed to the interpretation of the results, the drafting of the manuscript, and the approval of the final manuscript.

Cite this: Towards a Brief Definition of Burnout Syndrome by Subtypes - Medscape - Sep 20, 2011.

Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants
variables	total sample n_T = 826	sub-sample 1 n₁ = 413	sub-sample 2 n₂ = 413	p
Age				0.242
Md (SD)	40.26 (9.52)	40.64 (9.59)	39.87 (9,46)
Sex				0.362
male	366 (44.31)	176 (42.62)	190 (46.00)
Stable Relationship				0.999
yes	647 (78.33)	324 (78.45)	323 (78.21)
Education				0.667
secondary	119 (14.41)	64 (15.50)	55 (13.32)
university	423 (51.21)	208 (50.36)	215 (52.06)
doctorate	284 (34.38)	141 (34.14)	143 (34.62)
Occupation				0.988
TRS	372 (45.04)	185 (44.79)	187 (45.28)
ASP	351 (42.49)	176 (42.62)	175 (42.37)
TRA	103 (12.47)	52 (12.59)	51 (12.35)
Length of service				0.210
< 4 years	184 (22.28)	85 (20.58)	99 (23.97)
4–16 years	353 (42.74)	172 (41.65)	181 (43.83)
> 16 years	289 (34.99)	156 (37.77)	133 (32.20)
Contract duration				0.775
permanent	503 (60.90)	254 (61.50)	249 (60.29)
Contract type				0.718
full-time	750 (90.80)	377 (91.28)	373 (90.31)
Sick leave				0.201
yes	256 (30.99)	119 (28.81)	137 (33.17)

The figures represent frequencies, percentages (in brackets) and the p value associated with an χ² contrast between sub-sample 1 and sub-sample 2 except for the age variable where the figures represent means, standard deviations and the p value associated with a t contrast.

Table 2. Exploratory Factor Analysis – weightings and communalities
Items	Factor
Items	1	2	3	h²
3. When things at work don't turn out as well as they should, I stop trying	0.72	0.13	0.07	0.54
6. I give up in response to difficulties in my work	0.85	0.15	0.14	0.76
9. I give up in the face of any difficulties in my work tasks	0.73	0.17	0.14	0.58
12. When the effort I invest in work is not enough, I give in	0.82	0.12	0.09	0.70
2. I would like to be doing another job that is more challenging for my abilities	0.02	0.85	0.05	0.73
5. I feel that my work is an obstacle to the development of my abilities	0.29	0.68	0.22	0.62
8. I would like to be doing another job where I can better develop my talents	0.12	0.92	0.04	0.86
11. My work doesn't offer me opportunities to develop my abilities	0.22	0.72	0.02	0.58
1. I think the dedication I invest in my work is more than what I should for my health	0.07	0.13	0.80	0.67
4. I neglect my personal life when I pursue important achievements in my work	0.09	0.02	0.82	0.67
7. I risk my health when I pursue good results in my work	0.06	0.01	0.77	0.60
10. I overlook my own needs to fulfil work demands	0.20	0.11	0.68	0.52

Extraction method: Maximum Likelihood with Varimax orthogonal rotation on sub-sample 1. h² = communalities. Bold = belonging factor

Table 3. Exactness of BCSQ-12 according to MBI-GS
	criterion: 'exhaustion' (cut-off point 'overload'≥3.38)		criterion: 'cynicism' (cut-off point 'L.development'≥3.63)		criterion: 'inefficacy' (cut-off point 'neglect'≥2.63)
	index	95% IC	index	95% IC	index	95% IC
Sensitivity *	75.89	70.07–81.72	70.71	65.21–76.22	71.19	64.23–78.14
Specificity *	62.35	58.40–66.30	70.57	66.66–74.48	67.03	63.33–70.72
PPV^a *	42.82	37.83–47.81	55.15	49.87–60.44	37.06	31.78–42.34
NPV^b *	87.44	84.19–90.69	82.48	78.93–86.06	89.51	86.68–92.33
OMR^c *	33.98	30.69–37.27	29.38	26.22–32.55	32.08	28,84–35.33
PLR^d	2.02	1.78–2.29	2.40	2.07–2.79	2.16	1.87–2.49
NLR^e	0.39	0.30–0.49	0.42	0.34–0.50	0.43	0.34–0.55
OR^f	5.25^g	3.62–7.60	6.77^h	4.79–9.57	5.21ⁱ	3.57–7.60

*values given as percentages. a = Positive predictive value. b = Negative predictive value. c = Overal misclassification rate. d = Positive likelihood ratio. e = Negative likelihood ratio. f = Adjusted Odds Ratio by means of multivariate logistic regression models controlling age, sex, stable relationship, education, occupation, length of service, contract duration and contract type. g = Wald p < 0.001; H-L p = 0.451. h = Wald p < 0.001; H-L p = 0.093. i = Wald p < 0.001; H-L p = 0.216. Values obtained from the total sample (n_T).

Table 4. Descriptive statistics for BCSQ-12 items
items	Mn	SD	Q₁	Mdn	Q₃	min	max	asym^a	kurt^b	Item-rest
1. I think the dedication I invest in my work is more than what I should for my health	3.83	1.66	3.00	4.00	5.00	1.00	7.00	0.09	-0.80	0.75
4. I neglect my personal life when I pursue important achievements in my work	3.10	1.71	2.00	3.00	4.00	1.00	7.00	0.57	-0.56	0.75
7. I risk my health when I pursue good results in my work	3.43	1.69	2.00	3.00	5.00	1.00	7.00	0.33	-0.73	0.74
10. I overlook my own needs to fulfil work demands	3.53	1.63	2.00	3.00	5.00	1.00	7.00	0.21	-0.73	0.69
2. I would like to be doing another job that is more challenging for my abilities	3.42	1.86	2.00	3.00	5.00	1.00	7.00	0.31	-0.90	0.77
5. I feel that my work is an obstacle to the development of my abilities	3.08	1.64	2.00	3.00	4.00	1.00	7.00	0.61	-0.29	0.72
8. I would like to be doing another job where I can better develop my talents	3.68	1.86	4.00	4.00	5.00	1.00	7.00	0.14	-1.01	0.82
11. My work doesn't offer me opportunities to develop my abilities	3.53	1.86	2.00	3.00	5.00	1.00	7.00	0.30	-0.96	0.73
3. When things at work don't turn out as well as they should, I stop trying	2.46	1.26	1.00	2.00	3.00	1.00	7.00	0.92	1.08	0.61
6. I give up in response to difficulties in my work	2.36	1.24	1.00	2.00	3.00	1.00	7.00	0.88	0.90	0.74
9. I give up in the face of any difficulties in my work tasks	2.12	1.09	1.00	2.00	3.00	1.00	7.00	1.05	1.84	0.68
12. When the effort I invest in work is not enough, I give in	2.48	1.20	1.00	3.00	3.00	1.00	7.00	0.69	0.64	0.74

Mn = mean. SD = standard deviation. Mdn = median. Q₁ = percentile-25. Q₃ = percentile-75. min = minimum score. max = maximum score. asym = asymmetry. kurt = kurtosis. Item-rest = correlation coefficient item-rest (r between each item and the remaining items belonging to the same factor). a = typical asymmetry error = 0.08 for all items. b = typical kurtosis error = 0.17 for all items. Values obtained from the total sample (n_T = 826).

Table 5. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's α and contrasts with regard to sex and occupation for the BCSQ-12 and MBI-GS dimensions
	(n)	BCSQ-12			MBI-GS
	(n)	Overload	L. Development	Neglect	Exhaustion	Cynicism	Efficacy
Total	826
Mn		3.47	3.43	2.35	2.24	2.01	4.47
SD		1.42	1.57	1.00	1.42	1.57	0.97
Mdn		3.25	3.25	2.25	2.00	1.50	4.58
Q₁		2.50	2.25	1.50	1.20	0.75	3.83
Q₃		4.50	4.50	3.00	3.20	3.00	5.17
min		1.00	1.00	1.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
max		7.00	7.00	6.25	6.00	6.00	6.00
asym^a		0.34	0.28	0.48	0.71	0.78	-0.72
kurt^b		-0.50	-0.62	0.06	-0.14	-0.23	0.71
α		0.87	0.89	0.85	0.91	0.92	0.82
Male	366
Mdn		3.25	3.50	2.25	1.80	1.75	4.50
Q₁		2.50	2.25	1.50	1.00	1.00	3.83
Q₃		4.50	4.62	3.00	3.00	3.00	5.17
α		0.86	0.88	0.86	0.91	0.91	0.81
Female	460
Mdn		3.25	3.25	2.50	2.00	1.50	4.67
Q₁		2.50	2.25	1.50	1.00	1.00	3.83
Q₃		4.50	4.25	3.00	3.20	2.94	5.17
α		0.88	0.89	0.84	0.92	0.92	0.83
p ^c		0.502	0.082	0.480	0.194	0.108	0.124
TRS	372
Mdn		3.75	3.00	2.25	2.00	1.50	4.50
Q₁		3.00	1.75	1.50	1.40	0.75	3.83
Q₃		5.00	4.00	3.00	3.60	3.00	5.00
α		0.87	0.86	0.84	0.92	0.92	0.82
ASP	351
Mdn		3.00	4.00	2.50	1.80	1.75	4.67
Q₁		2.25	3.00	1.50	1.00	1.00	4.00
Q₃		3.50	5.00	3.00	2.80	3.00	5.17
α		0.85	0.90	0.86	0.90	0.91	0.82
TRA	103
Mdn		3.50	3.00	2.00	2.00	1.50	4.50
Q₁		2.50	1.75	1.25	1.00	0.75	3.67
Q₃		5.25	4.00	2.75	3.40	2.75	5.50
α		0.87	0.91	0.86	0.93	0.94	0.85
p ^d		< 0.001	< 0.001	0.016	0.006	0.305	0.155
TRS vs ASP		< 0.001	< 0.001	0.322	0.001	0.123	0.056
TRS vs TRA		0.456	0.622	0.023	0.466	0.786	0.344
ASP vs TRA		< 0.001	< 0.001	0.004	0.202	0.501	0.863

Mn = mean. SD = standard deviation. Mdn = median. Q₁ = percentile-25. Q₃ = percentile-75. min = minimum score. max = maximum score. asym = asymmetry. kurt = kurtosis. a = typical asymmetry error = 0.08. b = typical kurtosis error = 0.17. c = Mann-Whitney contrast. d = Kruskal-Wallis contrast.

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Towards a Brief Definition of Burnout Syndrome by Subtypes

Development of the "Burnout Clinical Subtypes Questionnaire" (BCSQ-12)

Conclusions

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References

Authors and Disclosures

Authors and Disclosures

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