Rating scales |
Conceptual model |
Reliability |
Validity |
Responsiveness |
Interpretability |
Properties |
Ref. |
Cronbach's α
|
Test–retest
|
Burden
|
Alternative forms
|
Cultural adaptations
|
Commonly used assessment instruments
|
SWB |
20 items: 10 (RWB)†
10 (EWB)‡
|
0.89 (SWB) 0.87 (RWB)†
0.78 (EWB)‡
|
0.93 (SWB) 0.96 (RWB)†
0.86 (EWB)‡
|
SWB, RWB and EWB all correlated positively with the purpose-in-life test |
Higher scores indicate SWB |
Higher scores indicate SWB and correlated with less loneliness |
No difficulty |
None |
None |
[149] |
MMRS |
88 items divided into sections: daily spiritual experiences (16), meaning (20), beliefs (7), forgiveness (10), religious practices (4), religious coping (11), religious spiritual history (5), organizational religiousness (7), commitment (2), religious preference (1), values (3), overall ranking (2) |
0.72–0.96 range for all subsections |
0.61–0.84 range for all subsections |
Positively correlated with the SWB scale |
In most subsets, higher scores indicate higher religiosity/spirituality, except guilt |
Correlated with physical and mental health |
Long self-report scale |
Brief version has been validated |
None |
[147] |
DSES |
16 item full scale, 2 factors: SG and SD |
0.98 (SG) 0.86 (SD) |
0.85 (SG) |
Correlations with positive effect subscale of PANSS |
Higher scores indicate higher spirituality |
Positive correlations with decreased alcohol use, quality of life, social status |
No difficulties |
Short version, 6 items used in the MMRS |
None |
[153] |
SPS |
10 items: understanding of spirituality Likert 1–6, where 6 is a greater spiritual perspective |
0.93 hospitalized 0.95 hospitalized terminal patients |
0.57–0.68 |
Evidence for construct validity; having a religious background indicated higher scores on SPS; open-ended questions indicated the validity of the SPS for participants in the study |
Adequate for terminally ill, healthy and nonseriously ill adults. Terminally ill adults indicated greater spirituality than both hospitalized nonterminally ill adults and healthy adults |
Terminally ill adults indicated change toward increased spirituality (p = 0.01); change in spiritual views correlated positively with SPS scores |
20–26 min to complete |
None |
None |
[150, 151] |
Scales proposed for future research
|
DAP |
21 items; self-administered, Likert-type scale, four dimensions: fear of death, escape, acceptance, approach acceptance and neutral acceptance |
Not addressed |
Not addressed |
Negatively related to happiness (p < 0.001) and positively related to hopelessness (p = 0.05). Failed to support the predicted relationship between approach-oriented death acceptance, happiness and hopelessness. Escape-oriented death acceptance was positively related to hopelessness but unrelated to happiness. Neutral acceptance was unrelated to hopelessness but positively related to happiness; not used in a terminally ill population |
Not used as an outcome measure to date; used to assess differences in death attitudes across the lifespan |
Not used in clinical settings; young and middle-aged adults may have a harder time accepting the reality of death |
Not addressed |
None |
None |
[154] |
HHI |
12-items: 1–4 Likert scale three dimensions: temporality and future, positive readiness and expectancy, interconnectedness |
0.88 |
Not addressed |
Negative correlation with depression and positive relationship to self-esteem, both significant (p = 0.001). Statistically significantly affected the hope scores, education and the patterns of worship. Educated and attending worship more frequently scored higher on the HHI; has not been used in a terminally ill population to date |
Hope scores decreased in the hospital group that had increased depression; higher self-esteem scores scored higher on HHI; pastoral caregivers may increase hopefulness by encouraging self-esteem |
Clinical setting not in a terminally ill population; no significant variation in scores based on age, gender, marital stature or religious background |
Useful in chronically ill and terminally ill populations; short and easy to administer; good for respondents with limited stamina or concentration |
None |
None |
[156] |
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