Cluster Headache—Acute and Prophylactic Therapy

Avi Ashkenazi, MD; Todd Schwedt, MD

Headache. 2011;51(2):272-286.

Peripheral Nerve and Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block

Efficacy of GON block in CH treatment was suggested by Anthony in the 1980s.^[62] More recently, the procedure was investigated as CH treatment in a number of studies, with the majority showing positive results.^[63–66] Peres et al evaluated the effect of GON block in 14 patients with CH.^[63] Patients received GON block ipsilateral to the head pain using lidocaine 1% and triamcinolone 40 mg. Patients were evaluated before and 1 week after the block. Nine (64%) patients had good or moderate response. The procedure was well tolerated. Ambrosini et al evaluated the effect of suboccipital injection of lidocaine 2% with betamethasone, compared with lidocaine and saline, in 23 CH patients in a randomized, controlled study.^[64] The CH attacks disappeared within 72 hours in 85% of the lidocaine + betamethasone group (with 61% remaining attack free for 4 weeks) compared with none in the lidocaine + saline group. Injections were well tolerated. Afridi et al examined the efficacy of GON block, using lidocaine 2% and methylprednisolone, in patients with refractory chronic daily headache.^[65] Their sample included 19 patients with CH who received 22 injections. Thirteen of the injections (59%) resulted in a complete or partial response, with a median duration of 12 and 21 days, for complete and partial response, respectively. In contrast to these results, Busch et al reported on only minor headache improvement in 60% of 15 CH patients who received GON block using prilocaine.^[66]

Endoscopically guided sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) blockade has been evaluated by Felisati et al for CH treatment.^[67] Of 20 refractory CCH patients who underwent the procedure, 11 experienced significant, albeit temporary, symptom relief.

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Table 1. Drugs for the Acute Treatment of Cluster Headache
Therapy	Level of Evidence (EFNS Guidelines)^42,87*	Dose	More Common AEs	Comments
Oxygen	A	7–10 L/min (higher flow rates may be needed)	None	Inhaled via a non-rebreathable mask for 15–20 minutes
Sumatriptan SC	A	6 mg	Nausea, fatigue, paresthesias, chest/throat tightness	May be taken up to twice daily during a cluster period; contraindicated in patients with CV diseases
Sumatriptan IN	A	20 mg	Nausea, fatigue, paresthesias, chest/throat tightness, unpleasant taste	Slower onset of action then sumatriptan SC; contraindicated in patients with CV diseases
Zolmitriptan IN	A	5–10 mg	Nausea, fatigue, paresthesias, chest/throat tightness, unpleasant taste	Comparable in efficacy to sumatriptan IN; contraindicated in patients with CV diseases
Octreotide SC	B	100 μg	Injection site pain, abdominal pain, nausea, hyperglycemia	Can be used in patients with CV diseases
Lidocaine IN	B	1 mL (4–10%)	none	Only moderate effect on head pain
Dihydroergotamine IV, IM, SC, or IN	Not rated	1 mg	Nausea, diarrhea, muscle cramps, chest tightness, unpleasant taste (IN)	IV probably the most effective route; contraindicated in patients with CV diseases; cannot be used with triptans

* See Appendix for detailed guidelines.
AEs = adverse effects; CV = cardiovascular; EFNS = European Federation of Neurological Societies; IM = intramuscular; IN = intranasal; IV = intravenous; L/min = liters per minute; SC = subcutaneous.

Table 2. Maintenance Prophylactic Therapy for Cluster Headache
Therapy	Level of Evidence (EFNS Guidelines)^42,87*	Target Dose per Day	Monitoring	More Common AEs
Verapamil	A	200–900 mg	EKG	Hypotension, constipation, peripheral edema
Lithium carbonate	B	600–900 mg	Lithium levels, renal function, thyroid function	Diarrhea, tremor, polyuria
Topiramate	B	50–200 mg	Serum bicarbonate	Paresthesias, weight loss, cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, dizziness, taste alteration
Valproic acid	C	500–2000 mg	CBC, liver function	Weight gain, fatigue, tremor, hair loss, nausea
Melatonin	C	10 mg	None	Fatigue, sedation
Baclofen	C	15–30 mg	None	Drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, muscle weakness
Botulinum toxin	Not rated	50 units	None	Muscle weakness, injection site pain
Gabapentin	Not rated	800–3600 mg	CBC	Somnolence, fatigue, dizziness, weight gain, peripheral edema, ataxia
Clonidine	Not rated	0.2–0.3 mg	None	Fatigue, hypotension

* See Appendix for detailed guidelines.
AEs = adverse effects; CBC = complete blood count; EFNS = European Federation of Neurological Societies; EKG = electrocardiogram.

Appendix

European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) guidelines—evidence classification scheme for a therapeutic intervention

Class I: An adequately powered prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial with masked outcome assessment in a representative population or an adequately powered systematic review of prospective randomized controlled clinical trials with masked outcome assessment in representative populations. The following are required:

Randomization concealment.
Primary outcome(s) is/are clearly defined.
Exclusion/inclusion criteria are clearly defined.
Adequate accounting for dropouts and crossovers with numbers sufficiently low to have minimal potential for bias.
Relevant baseline characteristics are presented and substantially equivalent among treatment groups or there is appropriate statistical adjustment for differences.

Class II: Prospective matched-group cohort study in a representative population with masked outcome assessment that meets a-e or a randomized, controlled trial in a representative population that lacks 1 criteria a-e.

Class III: All other controlled trials (including well-defined natural history controls or patients serving as own controls) in a representative population, where outcome assessment is independent of patient treatment.

Class IV: Evidence from uncontrolled studies, case series, case reports, or expert opinion.

Rating of recommendations:

Level A rating (established as effective, ineffective, or harmful) requires at least 1 convincing class I study or at least 2 consistent, convincing class II studies.

Level B rating (probably effective, ineffective, or harmful) requires at least 1 convincing class II study or overwhelming class III evidence.

Level C (possibly effective, ineffective, or harmful) rating requires at least 2 convincing class III studies.

Adapted with permission from Brainin et al. Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces—revised recommendations 2004. Eur J Neurol 2004;11:577–581.

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