Why: Approximately 15 - 60 % of elderly patients experience a delirium prior to or during a hospitalization but the diagnosis is missed in up to 70% of cases. Delirium is associated with poor outcomes such as prolonged hospitalization, functional decline, and increased use of chemical and physical restraints. Delirium increases the risk of nursing home admission. Individuals at high risk for delirium should be assessed daily using a standardized tool to facilitate prompt identification and management. Risk factors for delirium include older age, prior cognitive impairment, presence of infection, severe illness or multiple co-morbidities, dehydration, psychotropic medication use, alcoholism, vision impairment and fractures.
Best Tool: The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) includes two parts. Part one is an assessment instrument that screens for overall cognitive impairment. Part two includes only those four features that were found to have the greatest ability to distinguish delirium or reversible confusion from other types of cognitive impairment.
Validity/Reliability: Concurrent validation with psychiatric diagnosis revealed sensitivity of 94-100% and specificity of 90-95%. The CAM significantly correlated with the Mini-Mental Status Examination, the Visual Analog Scale for Confusion and the digit span test.
Strengths and Limitations: The tool can be administered in less than 5 minutes. It closely correlates with DSM-IV criteria for delirium. There is a false positive rate of 10% and the instrument has not been widely tested as a bedside tool for nurse raters. The tool identifies the presence or absence of delirium but does not assess the severity of the condition, making it less useful to detect clinical improvement or deterioration.
Follow-up: The presence of delirium as indicated by the algorithm, warrants prompt intervention to identify and treat underlying causes and provide supportive care. Vigilant efforts need to continue across the healthcare continuum to preserve and restore baseline mental status.
More on the Topic:
Chan, D. & Brennan, N. (1999). Delirium: Making the diagnosis, improving the prognosis. Geriatrics, 54(3), 28-42. Inouye, S., van Dyck, C., Alessi, C., Balkin, S., Siegal, A. & Horwitz, R. (1990). Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(12), 941-948.
Rapp, C., Wakefield, B., Kundrat, M., Mentes, J., Tripp-Reimer, T., Culp, K., Mobily, P., Akins, J. & Onega, L. (2000).
Acute confusion assessment instruments: clinical versus research usability. Applied Nursing Research, 13(1), 37-45.
Segatore, M. & Adams, D. (2001). Managing delirium and agitation in elderly hospitalized orthopedic patients: Part 1 - Theoretical aspects. Orthopaedic Nursing, 20(1), 31-45.
The Confusion Assessment Method Instrument
1. [Acute Onset] Is there evidence of an acute change in mental status from the patient's baseline?
2A. [Inattention] Did the patient have difficulty focusing attention, for example, being easily distractible, or having difficulty keeping track of what was being said?
2B. (If present or abnormal) Did this behavior fluctuate during the interview, that is, tend to come and go or increase and decrease in severity?
3. [Disorganized thinking] Was the patient's thinking disorganized or incoherent, such as rambling or irrelevant conversation, unclear or illogical flow of ideas, or unpredictable switching from subject to subject?
4. [Altered level of consciousness] Overall, how would you rate this patient's level of consciousness? (Alert [normal]; Vigilant [hyperalert, overly sensitive to environmental stimuli, startled very easily], Lethargic [drowsy, easily aroused]; Stupor [difficult to arouse]; Coma; [unarousable]; Uncertain)
5. [Disorientation] Was the patient disoriented at any time during the interview, such as thinking that he or she was somewhere other than the hospital, using the wrong bed, or misjudging the time of day?
6. [Memory impairment] Did the patient demonstrate any memory problems during the interview, such as inability to remember events in the hospital or difficulty remembering instructions?
7. [Perceptual disturbances] Did the patient have any evidence of perceptual disturbances, for example, hallucinations, illusions or misinterpretations (such as thinking something was moving when it was not)?
8A. [Psychomotor agitation] At any time during the interview did the patient have an unusually increased level of motor activity such as restlessness, picking at bedclothes, tapping fingers or making frequent sudden changes of position?
8B. [Psychomotor retardation]. At any time during the interview did the patient have an unusually decreased level of motor activity such as sluggishness, staring into space, staying in one position for a long time or moving very slowly?
9. [Altered sleep-wake cycle]. Did the patient have evidence of disturbance of the sleep-wake cycle, such as excessive daytime sleepiness with insomnia at night?
The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Diagnostic Algorithm
Feature 1: Acute Onset and Fluctuating Course
This feature is usually obtained from a family member or nurse and is shown by positive responses to the following questions: Is there evidence of an acute change in mental status from the patient's baseline? Did the (abnormal) behavior fluctuate during the day, that is, tend to come and go, or increase and decrease in severity?
Feature 2: Inattention
This feature is shown by a positive response to the following question: Did the patient have difficulty focusing attention, for example, being easily distractible, or having difficulty keeping track of what was being said?
Feature 3: Disorganized thinking
This feature is shown by a positive response to the following question: Was the patient's thinking disorganized or incoherent, such as rambling or irrelevant conversation, unclear or illogical flow of ideas, or unpredictable switching from subject to subject?
Feature 4: Altered Level of consciousness
This feature is shown by any answer other than "alert" to the following question:: Overall, how would you rate this patient's level of consciousness? (alert [normal]), vigilant [hyperalert], lethargic [drowsy, easily aroused], stupor [difficult to arouse], or coma [unarousable])
The diagnosis of delirium by CAM requires the presence of features 1 and 2 and either 3 or 4.
CAM Instrument and Algorithim adapted from Inouye, S., van Dyck, C., Alessi, C., Balkin, S., Siegal, A. & Horwitz, R.(1990). Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(12), 941-948. Reprinted with permission.
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This article was reprinted with permission from "Try This: Best Practices in Nursing Care to Older Adults" series from the John A. Hartford Foundation Institute for Geriatric Nursing. Mathy Mezey, EdD, RN, FAAN, is Director of the Institute and Terry Fulmer, PhD, RN, FAAN is Co-Director. Series Editor is Sheila Molony, MS, RN,C.
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Cite this: Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) - Medscape - Jun 01, 2004.
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