Total Thyroxine (TT4) and Total Triiodothyronine (TT3) Methods

References 201-495

1. Faglia G, Beck-Peccoz P, Piscitelli G and Medri G. Inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin by the pituitary. Horm Res 1987;26:79-99.

2. Spencer CA, Takeuchi M and Kazarosyan M. Current status and performance goals for serum thyrotropin (TSH) assays. Clinical Chemistry 1996;42:141-145.

3. Laurberg P. Persistent problems with the specificity of immunometric TSH assays. Thyroid 1993;3:279-83.

4. Spencer CA, Schwarzbein D, Guttler RB, LoPresti JS and Nicoloff JT. TRH stimulation test responses employing third and fourth generation TSH assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:494-498.

5. Vogeser M, Weigand M, Fraunberger P, Fischer H and Cremer P. Evaluation of the ADVIA Centaur TSH-3 assay. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000;38:331-4.

6. Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyn M, MacKenzie F, Beckett GJ and Wilkinson E. Interlaboratory/intermethod differences in functional sensitivity of immunometric assays for hyrotropin (TSH): impact on reliability of measurement of subnormal concentration. Clin Chem 1995;41:367-74.

7. Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, Appleton D, Brewis M, Clark F, Evans JG, Young E, Bird T and Smith PA. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol 1977;7:481-93.

8. Rago T, Chiovato L, Grasso L, Pinchera A and Vitti P. Thyroid ultrasonography as a tool for detecting thyroid autoimmune diseases and predicting thyroid dysfunction in apparently healthy subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2001;24:763-9.

9. Hershman JM and Pittman JA. Utility of the radioimmunoassay of serum thyrotropin in man. Ann Intern Med 1971;74:481-90.

10. Becker DV, Bigos ST, Gaitan E, Morris JC, Rallison ML, Spencer CA, Sugawara M, Middlesworth LV and Wartofsky L. Optimal use of blood tests for assessment of thyroid function. JAMA 1993;269:2736.

11. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G and Ridgway EC. The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:19-27.

12. Skamene A and Patel YC. Infusion of graded concentrations of somatostatin in man: pharmacokinetic and differential inhibitory effects on pituitary and islet hormones. Clin Endocrinol 1984;20:555-64.

13. Berghout A, Wiersinga WM, Smits NJ and Touber JL. Interrelationships between age, thyroid volume, thyroid nodularity and thyroid function in patients with sporadic nontoxic goiter. Am J Med 1990;89:602-8.

14. Parle JV, Franklyn JA, Cross KW, Jones SC and Sheppard MC. Prevalence and follow-up of abnormal thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol 1991;34:77-83.

15. Danese D, Sciacchitano S, Farsetti A andreoli M and Pontecorvi A. Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 1998;8:15-21.

16. McDermott MT and Ridgway EC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is mild thyroid failure and should be treated. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4585-90.

17. Chu JW and Crapo LM. The treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is seldom necessary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4591-9.

18. Lewis GF, Alessi CA, Imperial JG and Refetoff S. Low serum free thyroxine index in ambulating elderly is due to a resetting of the threshold of thyrotropin feedback suppression. JCEM 1991;73:843-9.

19. Pearce CJ and Himsworth RL. Total and free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients receiving maintenance replacement treatment with thyroxine. Br Med J 1984;288:693-5.

20. Fish LH, Schwarz HL, Cavanaugh MD, Steffes MW, Bantle JP, Oppenheimer JH. Replacement dose, metabolism and bioavailability of levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1987;316:764-70.

21. Sawin CT, Herman T, Molitch ME, London MH and Kramer SM. Aging and the thyroid. Decreased requirement for thyroid hormone in older hypothyroid patients. Amer J Med 1983;75:206-9.

22. Davis FB, LaMantia RS, Spaulding SW, Wemann RE and Davis PJ. Estimation of a physiologic replacement dose of levothyroxine in elderly patients with hypothyroidism. Arch Intern Med 1984;144.

23. Arafah BM. Estrogen therapy may necessitate an increase in thyroxine dose for hypothyroidism. NEJM 2001;344:1743-9.

24. Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Randall RV and Ryan N. Pituitary gland in hypothyroidism. Histologic and immunocytologic study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985;109:499-504.

25. Ain KB, Pucino F, Shiver T and Banks SM. Thyroid hormone levels affected by time of blood sampling in thyroxine-treated patients. Thyroid 1993;3:81-5.

26. Chorazy PA, Himelhoch S, Hopwood NJ, Greger NG and Postellon DC. Persistent hypothyroidism in an infant receiving a soy formula: case report and review of the literature. Pediatrics 1995;96:148-50.

27. Dulgeroff AJ and Hershman JM. Medical therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol Rev 1994;15:500-15.

28. Pujol P, Daures JP, Nsakala N, Baldet L, Bringer J and Jaffiol C. Degree of thyrotropin suppression as a prognostic determinant in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:4318-23.

29. Cooper DS, Specker B, Ho M, Sperling M, Ladenson PW, Ross DS, Ain KB, Bigos ST, Brierley JD, Haugen BR, Klein I, Robbins J, Sherman SI, Taylor T and Maxon HR 3rd. Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: results from the National thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Registry. Thyroid 1999;8:737-44.

30. Hurley DL and Gharib H. Evaluation and management of multinodular goiter. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996;29:527-40.

31. Bayer MF, Macoviak JA and McDougall IR. Diagnostic performance of sensitive measurements of serum thyrotropin during severe nonthyroidal illness: Their role in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Clin Chem 1987;33:2178-84.

32. Lum SM, Kaptein EM and Nicoloff JT. Influence of nonthyroidal illnesses on serum thyroid hormone indices in hyperthyroidism. West J Med 1983;138:670-5.

33. Faglia G, Bitensky L, Pinchera A, Ferrari C, Paracchi A, Beck-Peccoz P, Ambrosi B and Spada A. Thyrotropin secretion in patient with central hypothyroidism: Evidence for reduced biological activity of immunoreactive thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;48:989-98.

34. Faglia G, Beck-Peccoz P, Ballabio M and Nava C. Excess of beta-subunit of thyrotropin (TSH) in patients with idiopathic central hypothyroidism due to the secretion of TSH with reduced biological activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:908-14.

35. Faglia G. The clinical impact of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test. Thyroid 1998;8:903-8.

36. Trejbal D, Sulla I, Trejbalova L, Lazurova I, Schwartz P and Machanova Y. Central hypothyroidism -various types of TSH responses to TRH stimulation. Endocr Regul 1994;28:35-40.

37. Faglia G, Ferrari C, Paracchi A, Spada A and Beck-Peccoz P. Triiodothyronine response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. Clin Endocrinol 1975;4:585-90.

38. Horimoto M, Nishikawa M, Ishihara T, Yoshikawa N, Yoshimura M and Inada M. Bioactivity of thyrotropin (TSH) in patients with central hypothyroidism: comparison between in vivo 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine response to TSH and in vitro bioactivity of TSH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1124-8.

39. Refetoff S, Weiss RE and Usala SJ. The syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone. Endocr Rev 1993;14:348-99.

40. Weiss RE, Hayashi Y, Nagaya T, Petty KJ, Murata Y, Tunca H, Seo H and Refetoff S. Dominant inheritance of resistance to thyroid hormone not linked to defects in the thyroid hormone receptors alpha or beta genes may be due to a defective co-factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:4196-203.

41. Snyder D, Sesser D, Skeels M et al. Thyroid disorders in newborn infants with elevated screening T4. Thyroid 1997;7 (Suppl 1):S1-29 (abst).

42. Refetoff S. 2000. Resistance to Thyroid Hormone. In The Thyroid. Braverman LE and Utiger RD, editor. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 1028-43.

43. Beck-Peccoz P and Chatterjee VKK. The variable clinical phenotype in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome. Thyroid 1994;4:225-32.

44. Persani L, Asteria C, Tonacchera M, Vitti P, Krishna V, Chatterjee K and Beck-Peccoz P. Evidence for the secretion of thyrotropin with enhanced bioactivity in syndromes of thyroid hormone resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:1034-9.

45. Sarne DH, Sobieszczyk S, Ain KB and Refetoff S. Serum thyrotropin and prolactin in the syndrome of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone: responses to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation and triiodothyronine suppression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:1305-11.

46. Ercan-Fang S, Schwartz HL, Mariash CN and Oppenheimer JH. Quantitative assessment of pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone from plots of the logarithm of thyrotropin versus serum free thyroxine index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2299-303.

47. Safer JD, Colan SD, Fraser LM and Wondisford FE. A pituitary tumor in a patient with thyroid hormone resistance: a diagnostic dilemma. Thyroid 2001;11:281-91.

48. Marcocci C and Chiovato L. 2000. Thyroid -directed antibodies. In Thyroid. B. L. a. U. RD, editor. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. 414-31.

49. Chiovato L, Bassi P, Santini F, Mammoli C, Lapi P, Carayon P and Pinchera A. Antibodies producing complement-mediated thyroid cytotoxicity in patients with atrophic or goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1700-5.

50. Guo J, Jaume JC, Rapoport B and McLachlan SM. Recombinant thyroid peroxidase-specific Fab converted to immunoglobulin G (IgG)molecules: evidence for thyroid cell damage by IgG1, but not IgG4, autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:925-31.

51. Doullay F, Ruf J, Codaccioni JL and Carayon P. Prevalence of autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase in patients with various thyroid and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 1991;9:237-44.

52. Radetti G, Persani L, Moroder , Cortelazzi D, Gentili L, Beck-Peccoz P. Transplacental passage of anti-thyroid autoantibodies in a pregnant woman with auto-immune thyroid disease. Prenatal Diagnosis 1999;19:468-71.

53. Heithorn R, Hauffa BP and Reinwein D. Thyroid antibodies in children of mothers with autoimmune thyroid disorders. Eur J Pediatr 1999;158:24-8.

54. Feldt-Rasmussen. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in thyroid disorders and non thyroid autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 1991;9:245-51.

55. Mariotti S, Chiovato L, Franceschi C and Pinchera A. Thyroid autoimmunity and aging. Exp Gerontol 1999;33:535-41.

56. Ericsson UB, Christensen SB and Thorell JI. A high prevalence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies in adults with and without thyroid disease as measured with a sensitive solid-phase immunosorbent radioassay. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1985;37:154-62.

57. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Hoier-Madsen M, Rasmussen NG, Hegedus L and Hornnes P. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy and postpartum. Relation to postpartum thyroiditis. Autoimmunity 1990;6:211-4.

58. Premawardhana LD, Parkes AB, AMMARI F, John R, Darke C, Adams H and Lazarus JH. Postpartum thyroiditis and long-term thyroid status: prognostic influence of Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies and ultrasound echogenicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:71-5.

59. Johnston AM and Eagles JM. Lithium-associated clinical hypothyroidism. Prevalence and risk factors. Br. J Psychiatry 1999;175:336-9.

60. Bell TM, Bansal AS, Shorthouse C, Sandford N and Powell EE. Low titre autoantibodies predict autoimmune disease during interferon alpha treatment of chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;14:419-22.

61. Ward DL and Bing-You RG. Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction induced by interfereon-alfa treatment for chronic hepatitis C: screening and monitoring recommendations. Endoc Pract 2001;7:52-8.

62. Carella C, Mazziotti G, Morisco F, Manganella G, Rotondi M, Tuccillo C, Sorvillo F, Caporaso N and Amato G. Long-term outcome of interferon-alpha-induced thyroid autoimmunity and prognostic influence of thyroid autoantibody pattern at the end of treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1925-9.

63. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Schleusener H and Carayon P. Meta-analysis evaluation of the impact of thyrotropin receptor antibodies on long term remission after medical therapy of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:98-103.

64. Estienne V, Duthoit C, Di Costanzo, Lejeune PJ, Rotondi M, Kornfeld S et al. Multicenter study on TGPO autoantibodies prevalence in various thyroid and non-thyroid diseases: relationships with thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase autoantibody parameters. Eur J Endocrinol 1999;141:563-9.

65. Czarnocka B, Ruf J, Ferrand M et al. Purification of the human thyroid peroxidase and its identification as the microsomal antigen involved in autoimmune thyroid diseases. FEBS Lett 1985;190:147-52.

66. Mariotti S, Caturegli P, Piccolo P, Barbesino G and Pinchera A. Antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:661-9.

67. Rubello D, Pozzan GB, Casara D, Girelli ME, Boccato s, Rigon F, Baccichetti C, Piccolo M, Betterle C and Busnardo B. Natural course of subclinical hypothyroidism in Down's syndrome: prospective study results and therapeutic considerations. J Endocrinol Invest 1995;18:35-40.

68. Karlsson B, Gustafsson J, Hedov G, Ivarsson SA and Anneren G. Thyroid dysfunction in Down's syndrome: relation to age and thyroid autoimmunity. Arch Dis Child 1998;79:242-5.

69. Bussen S, Steck T and Dietl J. Increased prevalence of thyroid antibodies in euthyroid women with a history of recurrent in-vitro fertilization failure. Hum Reprod 2000;15:545-8.

70. Phan GQ, Attia P, Steinberg SM, White DE and Rosenberg SA. Factors associated with response to high-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3477-82.

71. Durelli L, Ferrero B, Oggero A, Verdun E, Ghezzi A, Montanari E and Zaffaroni M. Thyroid function and autoimmunity during interferon-Beta-1b Treatment: a Multicenter Prospective Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3525-32.

72. Roti E, Minelli R, Giuberti T, Marchelli C, Schianchi C, Gardini E, Salvi M, Fiaccadori F, Ugolotti G, Neri TM and Braverman LE. Multiple changes in thyroid function in patients with chronic active HCV hepatitis treated with recombinant interferon-alpha. Am J Med 1996;101:482-7.

73. Ruf J, Carayon P and Lissitzky S. Various expression of a unique anti-human thyroglobulin antibody repertoire in normal state and autoimmune disease. Eur J Immunol 1985;15:268-72.

74. Ruf J, Toubert ME, Czarnocka B, Durand-Gorde JM,Ferrand M, Carayon P. Relationship between immunological structure and biochemical properties of human thyroid peroxidase. Endocrinol 1989;125:1211-8.

75. Feldt-Rasmussen U and Rasmussen A K. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg)in presence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb). Clinical and methodological relevance of the interaction between Tg and TgAb in vivo and in vitro. J Endocrinol Invest 1985;8:571-6.

76. Spencer CA, Wang C, Fatemi S, Guttler RB, Takeuchi M and Kazarosyan M. Serum Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies: Prevalence, influence on serum thyroglobulin measurement and prognostic significance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1121-7.

77. Pacini F, Mariotti S, Formica N and Elisei R. Thyroid autoantibodies in thyroid cancer: Incidence and relationship with tumor outcome. Acta Endocrinol 1988;119:373-80.

78. Rubello D, Casara D, Girelli ME, Piccolo M and Busnardo B. Clinical meaning of circulating antithyroglobulin antibodies in differentiated thyroid cancer: a prospective study. J Nucl Med 1992;33:1478-80.

79. Nordyke RA, Gilbert FI, Miyamoto LA and Fleury KA. The superiority of antimicrosomal over antithyroglobulin antibodies for detecting Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:862-5.

80. Di Cerbo A, Di Paoloa R, Menzaghi C, De Filippis V, Tahara K, Corda D et al. Graves' immunoglobulins activate phospholipase A2 by recognizing specific epitopes on the thyrotropin receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3283-92.

81. Kung AWC, Lau KS and Kohn LD. Epitope mapping of TSH Receptor-blocking antibodies in Graves' disease that appear during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3647-53.

82. Ueta Y, Fukui H, Murakami M, Yamanouchi Y, Yamamoto R, Murao A et al. Development of primary hypothyroidism with the appearance of blocking-type antibody to thyrotropin receptor in Graves' disease in late pregnancy. Thyroid 1999;9:179-82.

83. Gupta MK. Thyrotropin-receptor antibodies in thyroid diseases: advances in detection techniques and clinical application. Clin Chem Acta 2000;293:1-29.

84. Kung AW, Lau KS and Kohn LD. Characterization of thyroid-stimulating blocking antibodies that appeared during transient hypothyroidism after radioactive iodine therapy. Thyroid 2000;10:909-17.

85. Filetti S, Foti D, Costante G and Rapoport B. Recombinant human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor in a radioreceptor assay for the measurement of TSH receptor antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:1096-101.

86. Adams DD and Purves HD. Abnormal responses in the assay of thyrotropin. Proc Univ Otago Med Sch 1956;34:11-12.

87. Morgenthaler NG. New assay systems for thyrotropin receptor antibodies. Current Opinion Endocrinol Diabetes 1998;6:251-60.

88. Kamijo K, Nagata A and Sato Y. Clinical significance of a sensitive assay for thyroid-stimulating antibodies in Graves' disease using polyethylene glycol at high concentration and porcine thyroid cells. Endocrinol J 1999;46:397-403.

89. Takasu N, Yamashiro K, Ochi Y, Sato Y, Nagata A, Komiya I et al. TSBAb (TSH-Stimulation Blocking Antibody) and TSAb (Thyroid Stimulating Antibody) in TSBAb-positive patients with hypothyroidism and Graves' patients with hyperthyroidism. Horm Metab Res 2001;33:232-7.

90. Costagliola S, Swillens S, Niccoli P, Dumont JE, Vassart G and Ludgate M. Binding assay for thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies using the recombinant receptor protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:1540-44.

91. Morgenthaler NG, Hodak K, Seissler J, Steinbrenner H, Pampel I, Gupta M et al. Direct binding of thyrotropin receptor autoantibody to in vitro translated thyrotropin receptor: a comparison to radioreceptor assay and thyroid stimulating bioassay. Thyroid 1999;9:466-75.

92. Akamizu T, Inoue D, Kosugi S, Kohn LD and Mori T. Further studies of amino acids (268-304) in thyrotropin (TSH)-lutropin/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) receptor chimeras: Cysteine-301 is important in TSH binding and receptor tertiary structure. Thyroid 1994;4:43-8.

93. Grasso YZ, Kim MR, Faiman C, Kohn LD, Tahara K and Gupta MK. Epitope heterogeneity of thyrotropin-blocking antibodies in Graves' patients as detected with wild-type versus chimeric thyrotropin receptors. Thyroid 1999;9:521-37.

94. Kim WB, Chung HK, Lee HK, Kohn LD, Tahara K and Cho BY. Changes in epitopes for thyroid stimulation antibodies in Graves' disease sera during treatment of hyperthyroidism: Therapeutic implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1953-9.

95. Shewring G and Smith BR. An improved radioreceptor assay for TSH receptor. Methods Enzymol 1982;17:409-17.

96. Costagliola S, Morganthaler NG, Hoermann R, Badenhoop K, Struck J, Freitag D, Poertl S, Weglohner W, Hollidt JM, Quadbeck B, Dumont JE, Schumm-Draeger PM, Bergmann A, Mann K, Vassart G and Usadel KH. Second generation assay for thyrotropin receptor antibodies has superior diagnostic sensitivity for Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:90-7.

97. Schott M, Feldkamp J, Bathan C, Fritzen R, Scherbaum WA and Seissler J. Detecting TSH-Receptor antibodies with the recombinant TBII assay: Technical and Clinical evaluation. 32 2000;:429-35.

98. Feldt-Rasmussen U. Analytical and clinical performance goals for testing autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin and thyrotropin receptor. Clin Chem 1996;42:160-3.

99. Giovanella L, Ceriani L and Garancini S. Clinical applications of the 2nd. generation assay for anti-TSH receptor antibodies in Graves' disease. Evaluation in patients with negative 1st. generation test. Clin Chem Lab med 2001;39:25-8.

100. Momotani N, Noh JY, Ishikawa N and Ito K. Effects of propylthiouracil and methimazole on fetal thyroid status in mothers with Graves' hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3633-6.

101. Brown RS, Bellisario RL, Botero D, Fournier L, Abrams CA, Cower ML et al. Incidence of transient congenital hypothyroidism due to maternal thyrotropin receptor-blocking antibodies in over one million babies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:1147-51.

102. Gerding MN, van der Meer Jolanda WC, Broenink M, Bakker O, W. WM and Prummel MF. Association of thyrotropin receptor antibodies with the clinical features of Graves' opthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol 2000;52:267-71.

103. Bartelena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell'Unto E et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 1998;338:73-8.

104. Bech K. Immunological aspects of Graves' disease and importance of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) Suppl 1983;103:5-38.

105. Feldt-Rasmussen U. Serum thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in thyroid diseas et al.lergy 1983;38:369-87.

106. Nygaard B, Metcalfe RA, Phipps J, Weetman AP and Hegedus L. Graves' disease and thyroid-associated opthalopathy triggered by 131I treatment of non-toxic goitre. J Endocrinol Invest 1999;22:481-5.

107. Ericsson UB, Tegler L, Lennquist S, Christensen SB, Stahl E and Thorell JI. Serum thyroglobulin in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Acta Chir Scand 1984;150:367-75.

108. Haugen BR, Pacini F, Reiners C, Schlumberger M, Ladenson PW, Sherman SI, Cooper DS, Graham KE, Braverman LE, Skarulis MC, Davies TF, DeGroot LJ, Mazzaferri EL, Daniels GH, Ross DS, Luster M, Samuels MH, Becker DV, Maxon HR, Cavalieri RR, Spencer CA, McEllin K, Weintraub BD and Ridgway EC. A comparison of recombinant human thyrotropin and thyroid hormone withdrawal for the detection of thyroid remnant or cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3877-85.

109. Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Fatemi S and Nicoloff JT. Detection of residual and recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma by serum Thyroglobulin measurement. Thyroid 1999;9:435-41.

110. Schlumberger M, C. P., Fragu P, Lumbroso J, Parmentier C and Tubiana M. Circulating thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in patients with metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: relationship to serum thyrotropin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;51:513-9.

111. Pacini F, Fugazzola L, Lippi F, Ceccarelli C, Centoni R, Miccoli P, Elisei R and Pinchera A. Detection of thyroglobulin in fine needle aspirates of nonthyroidal neck masses: a clue to the diagnosis of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:1401-4.

112. Spencer CA, Takeuchi M and Kazarosyan M. Current Status and Performance Goals for Serum Thyroglobulin Assays. Clin Chem 1996;42:164-73.

113. Feldt-Rasmussen U and Schlumberger M. European interlaboratory comparison of serum thyroglobulin measurement. J Endocrinol Invest 1988;11:175-81.

114. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Profilis C, Colinet E, Black E, Bornet H, Bourdoux P et al. Human thyroglobulin reference material (CRM 457) 2nd part: Physicochemical characterization and certification. Ann Biol Clin 1996;54:343-348.

115. Schlumberger M J. Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma. NEJM 1998;338:297-306.

116. Hjiyiannakis P, Mundy J and Harmer C. Thyroglobulin antibodies in differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Oncol 1999;11:240-4.

117. Spencer CA. Recoveries cannot be used to authenticate thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements when sera contain Tg autoantibodies. Clin Chem 1996;42:661-3.

118. Massart C and Maugendre D. Importance of the detection method for thyroglobulin antibodies for the validity of thyroglobulin measurements in sera from patients with Graves' disease. Clin Chem 2002;48:102-7.

119. Mariotti S, Barbesino G, Caturegli P, Marino M, Manetti L, Pacini F, Centoni R and Pinchera A. Assay of thyroglobulin in serum with thyroglobulin autoantibodies: an unobtainable goal? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:468-72.

120. Black EG and Hoffenberg R. Should one measure serum thyroglobulin in the presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies? Clin Endocrinol 1983;19:597-601.

121. Schneider AB and Pervos R. Radioimmunoassay of human thyroglobulin: effect of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;47:126-37.

122. Spencer CA, Platler BW and Nicoloff JT. The effect of 125-I thyroglobulin tracer heterogeneity on serum Tg RIA measurement. Clin Chem Acta 1985;153:105-115.

123. Bugalho MJ, Domingues RS, Pinto AC, Garrao A, Catarino AL, Ferreira T, Limbert E and Sobrinho L. Detection of thyroglobulin mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood of individuals with and without thyroid glands: evidence for thyroglobulin expression by blood cells. Eur J Endocrinol 2001;145:409-13.

124. Bellantone R, Lombardi CP, Bossola M, Ferrante A,Princi P, Boscherini M et al. Validity of thyroglobulin mRNA assay in peripheral blood of postoperative thyroid carcinoma patients in predicting tumor recurrence varies according to the histologic type: results of a prospective study. Cancer 2001;92:2273-9.

125. Bojunga J, Roddiger S, Stanisch M, Kusterer K, Kurek R, Renneberg H, Adams S, Lindhorst E, Usadel KH and Schumm-Draeger PM. Molecular detection of thyroglobulin mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid disease by RT-PCR. Br J Cancer 2000;82:1650-5.

126. Smith B, Selby P, Southgate J, Pittman K, Bradley C and Blair GE. Detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by means of reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 1991;338:1227-9.

127. Luppi M, Morselli M, Bandieri E, Federico M, Marasca R, Barozzi P, Ferrari MG, Savarino M, Frassoldati A and Torelli G. Sensitive detection of circulating breast cancer cells by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of maspin gene. Ann Oncol 1996;7:619-24.

128. Ghossein RA and Bhattacharya S. Molecular detection and characterisation of circulating tumour cells and micrometastases in solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1681-94.

129. Ditkoff BA, Marvin MR, Yemul S, Shi YJ, Chabot J, Feind C et al. Detection of circulating thyroid cells in peripheral blood. Surgery 1996;120:959-65.

130. Arturi F, Russo D, Giuffrida D et al. Early diagnosis by genetic analysis of differentiated thyroid cancer metastases in small lymph nodes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1638-41.

131. Ringel MD, Balducci-Silano PL anderson JS, Spencer CA, Silverman J, Sparling YH, Francis GL, Burman KD, Wartofsky L, Ladenson PW, Levine MA and Tuttle RM. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of circulating thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid for monitoring patients with thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;84:4037-42.

132. Biscolla RP, Cerutti JM and Maciel RM. Detection of recurrent thyroid cancer by sensitive nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of thyroglobulin and sodium/iodide symporter messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts in peripheral blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3623-7.

133. Takano T, Miyauchi A, Yoshida H, Hasegawa Y, Kuma K and Amino N. Quantitative measurement of thyroglobulin mRNA in peripheral blood of patients after total thyroidectomy. Br J Cancer 2001;85:102-6.

134. Chelly J, Concordet JP, Kaplan JC and Kahn A. Illegitimate transcription: transcription of any gene in any cell type. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:2617-21.

135. Premawardhana LDKE, Phillips DW, Prentice LM and Smith BR. Variability of serum thyroglobulin levels is determined by a major gene. Clin Endocrinol 1994;41:725-9.

136. Bertelsen JB and Hegedus L. Cigarette smoking and the thyroid. Thyroid 1994;4:327-31.

137. Knudsen N, Bulow I, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, Oversen L and Laurberg P. Serum Tg - a sensitive marker of thyroid abnormalities and iodine deficiency in epidemiological studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3599-603.

138. Van den Briel T, West CE, Hautvast JG, Vulsma T, de Vijlder JJ and Ategbo EA. Serum thyroglobulin and urinary iodine concentration are the most appropriate indicators of iodine status and thyroid function under conditions of increasing iodine supply in schoolchildren in Benin. J Nutr 2001;131:2701-6.

139. Gardner DF, Rothman J and Utiger RD. Serum thyroglobulin in normal subjects and patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease: effects of T3, iodide, 131I and antithyroid drugs. Clin Endocrinol 1979;11:585-94.

140. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Petersen PH, Date J and Madsen CM. Serum thyroglobulin in patients undergoing subtotal thyroidectomy for toxic and nontoxic goiter. J Endocrinol Invest 1982;5:161-4.

141. Hocevar M, Auersperg M and Stanovnik L. The dynamics of serum thyroglobulin elimination from the body after thyroid surgery. 1997;23:208-10.

142. Cohen JH, Ingbar SH and Braverman LE. Thyrotoxicosis due to ingestion of excess thyroid hormone. Endocrine Rev 1989;10:113-24.

143. Mitchell ML and Hermos RJ. Measurement of thyroglobulin in newborn screening specimens from normal and hypothyroid infants. Clin Endocrinol 1995;42:523-7.

144. Smallridge RC, De Keyser FM, Van Herle AJ, Butkus NE and Wartofsky L. Thyroid iodine content and serum thyroglobulin: clues to the natural history of destruction-induced thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:1213-9.

145. Pacini F, Molinaro E, Lippi F, Castagna MG, Agate L, Ceccarelli C, Taddei D, Elisei R, Capezzone M and Pinchera A. Prediction of disease status by recombinant human TSH-stimulated serum Tg in the postsurgical follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:5686-90.

146. Cobin RH. 1992. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In Malignant tumors of the thyroid: clinical concepts and controversies. S. D. Cobin RH, editor. Springer-Verlag,, New York. 112-41.

147. Dunn JT. When is a thyroid nodule a sproadic medullary carcinoma? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:824-5.

148. Pacini F, Fontanelli M, Fugazzola L and et. al. Routine measurement of serum calcitonin in nodular thyroid diseases allows the preoperative diagnosis of unsuspeted sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:826-9.

149. Mulligan LM, Kwok JB, Healey CS, Elsdon MJ, Eng C, Gardner E et al. Germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nature 1993;363:458-60.

150. Hofstra RM, Landvaster RM, Ceccherini I et al. A mutation in the RET proto-oncogene associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Nature 1994;367:375-6.

151. Heyningen van V. One gene-four syndromes. Nature 1994;367:319-20.

152. Becker KL, Nylen ES, Cohen R and Snider RH. Calcitonin: structure, molecular biology and actions. In: J.P. Beleziakian, L.E. Raisz, G.A.Rodan eds. Principle of bone biology, Academic Press, San Diego 1996;:471-4.

153. Motte P, Vauzelle P, Gardet P, Ghillani P, Caillou B, Parmentier C et al. Construction and clinical validation of a sensitive and specific assay for mature calcitonin using monoclonal anti-peptide antibodies. Clin Chim Acta 1988;174:35-54.

154. Zink A, Blind E and Raue F. Determination of serum calcitonin by immunometric two-site assays in normal subjects and patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Clin Chem Biochem 1992;30:831-5.

155. Engelbach M, Gorges R, Forst T, Pfutzner A, Dawood R, Heerdt S, Kunt T, Bockisch A and Beyer J. Improved diagnostic methods in the follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma by highly specific calcitonin measurements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1890-4.

156. Milhaud G, Tubiana M, Parmentier C and Coutris G. Epithelioma de la thyroide secretant de la thyrocalcitonine. C.R. Acad. Sci (serie D), Paris 1968;266:608-10.

157. Guilloteau D, Perdrisot D, Calmettes C and et. al. Diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid by calcitonin assay using monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:1064-7.

158. Niccoli P, Wion-Barbot N, Caron P and et.al. Interest of routine measurement of serum calcitonin (CT): study in a large series of thyroidectomized patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:338-41.

159. Wells SA, Baylin SB, Linehan W, Farrell RE, Cox EB, Cooper CW. Provocative agents and the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Ann Surg 1978;188:139-41.

160. Gagel RF. The abnormal pentagastrin test. Clin Endocrinol 1996;44:221-2.

161. Wion-Barbot N, Schuffenecker I, Niccoli P et al. Results of the calcitonin stimulation test in normal volunteers compared with genetically unaffected members of MEN 2A and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma families. Ann Endocrinol 1997;58:302-8.

162. Barbot N, Calmettes C, Schuffenecker I et al. Pentagastrin stimulation test and early diagnosis of medullary carcinoma using an immunoradiometric assay of calcitonin: comparison with genetic screening in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:114-20.

163. Erdogan MF, Gullu S, Baskal N, Uysal AR, Kamel N, Erdogan G. Omeprazole: calcitonin stimulation test for the diagnosis follow-up and family screening in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Ann Surg 1997;188:139-41.

164. Vieira AEF, Mello MP, Elias LLK et al. Molecular and biochemical screening for the diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 2A. Horm Metab Res 2002;34:202-6.

165. Wells SA, Chi DD, toshima K, Dehner LP, Coffin cm, Dowton SB, Ivanovich JL, DeBenedetti MK, Dilley WG and Moley JF. Predictive DNA testing and prophylactic thyroidectomy in patients at risk for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Ann Surg 1994;220:237-50.

166. Telander RL and Moir CR. Medullary thyroid carcinoma in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 1994;3:188-93.

167. Niccoli-Sire P, Murat A, Baudin E, Henry JF, Proye C, Bigorgne JC et al. Early or prophylactic thyroidectomy in MEN2/FMTC gene carriers: results in 71 thyroidectomized patients. Eur J Endocrinol 1999;141:468-74.

168. Niccoli-Sire P, Murat A, Rohmer V, Franc S, Chabrier G, Baldet L, Maes B, Savagner F, Giraud S, Bezieau S, Kottler ML, Morange S and Conte-Devolx B. Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) with non-cysteine RET mutations: phenotype-genotype relationship in large series of patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3756-53.

169. Body JJ, Chanoine JP, Dumon JC and Delange F. Circulating calcitonin levels in healthy children and subjects with congenital hypothyroidism from birth to adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:565-7.

170. Gharib H, Kao PC and Heath H. Determination of silica-purified plasma calcitonin for the detection and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma: comparison of two provocative tests. Mayo Clin Proc 1987;62:373-8.

171. Telander R, Zimmerman D, Sizemore GW, van Heerden JA and Grant CS. Medullary carcinoma in children. Results of early detection and surgery. Arch Surg 1989;124:841-3.

172. Calmettes C, Ponder BA, Fisher JA and Raue F. Early diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome: consensus statement. European community concerted action: medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22:755-60.

173. Modigliani E, Cohen R, Campos JM, Conte-Devolx B, Maes B, Boneu A et al. Prognostic factors for survival and biochemical cure in medullary thyroid carcinoma: results in 899 patients. Clin Endocrinol 1998;48:265-73.

174. Machens A, Gimm O, Ukkat J et al. Improved prediction of calcitonin normalization in medullary thyroid carcinoma patients by quantitative lymph node analysis. Cancer 2000;88:1909-15.

175. Fugazzola L, Pinchera A, Lucchetti F et al. Disappearence rate of serum calcitonin after total thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Internat J Biolog Markers 1994;9:21-4.

176. Vierhapper H, Raber W, Bieglmayer C and et.al. Routine measurement of plasma calcitonin in nodular thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1589-93.

177. Fereira-Valbuena H, Fernandez de Arguello E, Campos G, Ryder E and Avellaneda A. Serum concentration of calcium and calcitonin in hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. Invest Clin 1991;32:109-14.

178. Lips CJM, Hoppener JWM and Thijssen JHH. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: role of genetic testing and calcitonin measurement. Ann Clin Biochem 2001;38:168-79.

179. Niccoli P, Brunet Ph, Roubicek C, Roux F, Baudin E, Lejeune PJ et al. Abnormal calcitonin basal levels and pentagastrin response in patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:75-81.

180. Snider RH, Nylen ES and Becker KL. Procalcitonin and its component peptides in systemic inflammation: immunochemical characterization. J Invest Med 1997;47:552-60.

181. Russwurn S, Wiederhold M, Oberhoffer M et al. Molecular aspects and natural source of Procalcitonin. Clin Chem Lab Med 1999;37:789-97.

182. Niccoli P, Conte-Devolx B, Lejeune PJ, Carayon P, Henry JF, Roux F et al. Hypercalcitoninemia in conditions other than medullary cancers of the thyroid. Ann Endocrinol 1996;57:15-21.

183. Baudin E, Bidart JM, Rougier P et al. Screening for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and hormonal production in apparently sporadic neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:114-20.

184. DeLellis RA. C-Cell hyperplasia. In: Rosai J., Carangiu M.L., DeLellis R.A. eds: Atlas of Tumor Pathology, 3rd. series, Fasc 5: tumors of the thyroid gland. Washington DC, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 1992;:247-58.

185. Guyetant S, Wion-Barbot N and Rousselet MC. C-cell hyperplasia associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: a retrospective study of 112 cases. Hum Pathol 1994;25:514-21.

186. Albores-Saavedra J, Monforte H, Nadji M and Morales AR. C-Cell hyperplasia in thyroid tissue adjacent to follicular cell tumor. Hum Pathol 1988;19:795-9.

187. Mulligan LM, Marsh DJ, Robinson BG, Schuffenecker I, Zedenius J, Lips CJ et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: report of the international RET mutation consortium. J Intern Med 1995;238:243-6.

188. Eng C, Clayton D, Schuffenecker I, Lenoir G, Cote G, Gagel RF et al. The relationship between specific RET proto-oncogene mutations and disease phenotype in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. International RET mutation consortium analysis. JAMA 1996;276:1575-9.

189. Ito S, Iwashita T, Asai N, Murakami H, Iwata Y, Sobue G et al. Biological properties of RET with cysteine mutations correlate with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and Hirschsprung's disease phenotype. Cancer Res 1997;57:2870-2.

190. Heshmati HM, Gharib H, Khosla S et al. Genetic testing in medullary thyroid carcinoma syndromes: mutation types and clinical significance. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:430-6.

191. Berndt I, Reuter M, Saller B et al. A new hot spot for mutations in the RET proto-oncogene causing familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:770-4.

192. Komminoth P, Roth J, Muletta-Feurer S, Saremaslani P, Seelentag WKF and Heitz PU. RET proto-oncogene point mutations in sporadic neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2041-6.

193. Conte-Devolx B, Schuffenecker I, Niccoli P, Maes B, Boneu A, Barbot N et al. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2: Management of patients and subjects at risk. Horm Res 1997;47:221-6.

194. Smith DP, Houghton C and Ponder BA. Germline mutation of RET codon 883 in two cases of de novo MEN2B. Oncogene 1997;15:1213-7.

195. Carlson KM, Bracamontes J, Jackson CE, Clark R, Lacroix A, Wells SA Jr et al. Parent-of-origin effects in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. J Hum Genet 1994;55:1076-82.

196. Moers AMJ, Landsvater RM, Schaap C, van Veen JM, de Valk IAJ, Blijham GH et al. Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: not a distinct entity/ Genotype-phenotype correlation in a large family: familial medullary thyroid carcinoma revisited. Am J Med 1996;101:634-41.

197. Dunn JT. Iodine deficiency - the next target for elimination. N Engl J Med 1992;326:267-8.

198. Delange F. Correction of iodine deficiency: benefits and possible side effects. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:542-3.

199. Dunn JT. Whats happening to our iodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3398-3400.

200. Knudsen N, Christiansen E, Brandt-Christensen M, Nygaard B and Perrild H. Age- and sex-adjusted iodine/creatinine ratio. A new standard in epidemiological surveys? Evaluation of three different estimates of iodine excretion based on casual urine samples and comparison to 24 h values. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:361-3.

201. Aumont G and Tressol JC. Improved routine method for the determination of total iodine in urine and milk. Analyst 1986;111:841-3.

202. Unak P, Darcan S, Yurt F, Biber Z and Coker M. Determination of iodine amounts in urine and water by isotope dilution analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res Winter 1999;71-2:463-70.

203. Kilbane MT, Ajja RA, Weetman AP, Dwyer R, McDermott EWM, O'Higfins NJ and Smyth PPA. Tissue Iodine content and serum mediated 125I uptake blocking activityin breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1245-50.

204. Liberman CS, Pino SC, Fang SL, Braverman LE and Emerson CH. Circulating iodine concentrations during and after pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3545-9.

205. Vought RL, London WT, Lutwak L and Dublin TD. Reliability of estimates of serum inorganic iodine and daily faecal and urinary iodine excretion from single casual specimens. J Clin Endcorinol Metab 1963;23:1218-28.

206. Smyth PPA, Darke C, Parkes AB, Smith DF, Hetherton AM and Lazarus JH. Assessment of goitre in an area of endemic iodine deficiency. Thyroid 1999;9:895-901.

207. Thomson CD, Smith TE, Butler KA and Packer MA. An evaluation of urinary measures of iodine and selenium status. J Trace Elem Med and Biol 1996;10:214-22.

208. Als C, Helbling A, Peter K, Haldimann M, Zimmerli B and Gerber H. Urinary iodine concentration follows a circadian rhythm: A study with 3023 spot urine samples in adults and children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1367-9.

209. Lightowler H and Davis JG. Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br. J Nutr 1999;80:529-35.

210. Utiger RD. Maternal hypothyroidism and fetal development. N Engl J Med 1999;341:601-2.

211. Aboul-Khair S, Crooks J, Turnbull AC and Hytten FE. The physiological changes in thyroid function during pregnancy. Clin Sci 1964;27:195-207.

212. Smyth PPA, Smith DF, Radcliff M and O'Herlihy C. Maternal iodine status and thyroid volume during pregnancy: correlation with neonatal intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2840-3.

213. Gunton JE, Hams GH, Fiegert M and McElduff A. iodine deficiency in ambulatory participants at a Sydney teaching hospital: Is Australia truly iodine replete? Med J Aust 1999;171:467-70.

214. Smyth PPA. Variation in iodine handling during normal pregnancy. Thyroid 1999;9:637-42.

215. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc. National Academic Press 2001

216. Koutras DA, Papadoupoulos SN, Sfontouris JG and Rigopoulos GA. Comparison of methods for measuring the plasma inorganic iodine and the absolute iodine uptake by the thyroid gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968;28:757-60.

217. Mizukami Y, Michigishi T, Nonomura A, Hashimoto T, Tonami N, Matsubara F et al. Iodine-induced hypothyroidism: a clinical and histological study of 28 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:466-71.

218. Heymann WR. Potassium iodide and the Wolff-Chaikhoff effect: relevance for the dermatologist. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:490-2.s

219. Stanbury JB, Ermans AE, Bourdoux P, Todd C, Oken E, Tonglet R, Bidor G, Braverman LE and Medeiros-Neto G. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: occurrence and epidemiology. Thyroid 1998;8:83-100.

220. Roti E and Uberti ED. Iodine excess and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 2001;5:493-500.

221. Baltisberger BL, Minder CE and Burgi H. Decrease of incidence of toxic nodular goitre in a region of Switzerland after full correction of mild iodine deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:546-9.

222. Bacher-Stier RG, Totsch M, Kemmler G, Oberaigner W and Moncayo R. Incidence and clinical characteristics of thyroid carcinoma after iodine prophylazis in an endemic goiter country. Thyroid 1997;7:733-41.

223. Barakat MCD, Hetherton AM, Smyth PPA and Leslie H. Hypothyroidism secondary to topical iodine treatment in infants with spina bifida. Acta Paediat 1994;83:741-3.

224. Martino E, Safran M, Aghino-Lombardi F, Rajatanavin R, Lenziardi M, Fay M et al. Environmental iodine intake and thyroid dysfunction during chronic amiodarone therapy. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:28-34.

225. Rose NR, Rasooly L, Saboori AM and Burek CL. Linking iodine with autoimmune thyroiditis. Environmental Health Perspectives 1999;107:749-52.

226. Premawardhana LDKEPA, Smyth PPA, Wijeyaratne C, Jayasinghe A, De Silva H and Lazarus JH. Increased prevalence of thyroglobulin antibodies in Sri Lankan schoolgirls - is iodine the cause? Eur J Endocrinol 2000;143:185-8.

227. Costa A, Testori OB, Cenderelli C, Giribone G and Migliardi M. Iodine content of human tissues after administration of iodine containing drugs or constrast media. J Endocrinol Invest 1978;1:221-5.

228. May W, Wu D, Eastman C, Bourdoux P and Maberly G. Evaluation of automated urinary iodine methods: problems of interfering substances identified. Clin Chem 1990;35:865-9.

229. Lauber K. Iodine determination in biological material. Kinetic measurement of the catalytic activity of iodine. Analyt Chem 1975;47:769-71.

230. Mantel M. Improved method for the determination of iodine in urine. Clin Chim Acta 1971;33:39-44.

231. Dunn JT, Crutchfield HE, Gutenkunst R and Dunn AD. Two simple methods for measuring iodine in urine. Thyroid 1993;3:119-23.

232. May SL, May WA, Bourdoux PP, Pino S, Sullivan KM and Maberly GF. Validation of a simple, manual urinary iodine method for estimating the prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders and interlaboratory comparison with other methods. J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1441-5.

233. Ohashi T, Yamaki M, Pandav SC, Karmarkar GM and Irie M. Simple microplate method for determination of urinary iodine. Clin Chem 2000;46:529-36.

234. Rendl J, Seybold S and Borner W. Urinary iodine determined by paired-ion reverse-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. Clin Chem 1994;40:908-13.

235. Tsuda K, Namba H, Nomura T, Yokoyama N, Yamashita S, Izumi M and Nagataki S. Automated Measurement of urinary iodine with use of ultraviolet radiation. Clin Chem 1995;41:581-5.

236. Haldimann M, Zimmerli B, Als C and Gerber H. Direct determination of urinary iodine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectormetry using isotope dilution with iodine-129. Clin Chem 1998;44:817-24.

237. Mura P, Piriou A, Guillard O, Sudre Y and Reiss D. Dosage des iodures urinares par electrode specifique: son interet au cours des dysthyroides. Ann Biol Clin 1985;44:123-6.

238. Allain P, Berre S, Krari N, Laine-Cessac P, Le Bouil A, Barbot N, Rohmer V and Bigorgne JC. Use of plasma iodine assays for diagnosing thyroid disorders. J Clin Pathol 1993;46:453-5.

239. Vander JB, Gaston EA and Dawber TR. The significance of nontoxic thyroid nodules: Final report of a 15-year study of the incidence of thyroid malignancy. Ann Intern Med 1968;69:537-40.

240. Rojeski MT and Gharib H. Nodular thyroid disease: Evaluation and management. N Engl J Med 1985;313:428-36.

241. Mazzaferri EL. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 1993;328:553-9.

242. Kirkland RT and Kirkland JL. Solitary thyroid nodules in 30 children and report of a child with thyroid abscess. Pediatrics 1973;51:85-90.

243. Rallison ML, Dobyns EM, Keating FR, Rall J and Tyler E. Thyroid nodularity in children. JAMA 1975;233:1069-72.

244. Khurana KK, Labrador E, Izquierdo R, Mesonero CE and Pisharodi LR. The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules in children, adolescents and young adults: A multi-institutional study. Thyroid 1999;4:383-6.

245. Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Martino E, Vitti P, Maccherini D, Leoli F, Rago T, Grasso L, Valeriano R, Balestrieri A and Pinchera A. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-deficient community: the Pescopanano Survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:561-6.

246. Hamburger JI, Husain M, Nishiyama R, Nunez C and Solomon D. Increasing the accuracy of fine-needle biopsy for thyroid nodules. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989;113:1035-41.

247. Hundahl SA, Cady B, cunningham MP, Mazzaferri E, McKee RF, Rosai J, Shah JP, Fremgen AM, Stewart AK and Holzer S. Initial results from a prospective cohort study of 5583 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the United States during 1996. Cancer (Cytopathol) 2000;89:202-17.

248. Leenhardt L, Hejblum G, Franc B, Du Pasqueir Fediaevsky L, Delbot T, De Guillouzic D, Menegaux F, Guillausseau C, Hoang C, Turpin G and Aurengo A. Indications and limits of ultrasound-guided cytology in the management of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:24-8.

249. Braga M, Cavalcanti TC, Collaco LM and Graf H. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of complex thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4089-91.

250. Cochand-Priollet B, Guillausseau P, Chagnon S, Hoang C, Guillausseau-Scholer C, Chanson P, Dahan H, Warnet A, Tran Ba Huy PT and Valleur P. The diagnostic value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy under ultrasonoraphy in nonfunctional thyroid nodules: a prospective study comparing cytologic and histologic findings. Am J Med 1994;97:152-7.

251. Takashima S, Fukuda H and Kobayashi T. Thyroid nodules: Clinical effect of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. J Clin Ultrasound 1994;22:535-42.

252. Gharib H. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules: Advantages, limitations and effect. Mayo Clin Proc 1994;69:44-9.

253. Hamberger B, Gharib H, Melton LF III, Goellner JR and zinsmeister AR. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Impact on thyroid practice and cost of care. Am J Med 1982;73:381-4.

254. Grant CS, Hay ID, Gough IR, McCarthy PM and Goelliner JR. Long-term follow-up of patients with benign thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytologic diagnoses. Surgery 1989;106:980-6.

255. Liel Y and Barchana M. Long-term follow-up of patients with initially benign fine-needle aspirations. Thyroid 2001;11:775-8.

256. Belfiore A, La Rosa G, La Porta GA, Giuffrida D, Milazzo G, Lupo L, Regalbuto C and V. R. Cancer Risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: Relevance of iodine intake, sex, age and multinodularity. J Amer Med 1992;93:363-9.

257. Tuttle RM, Lemar H and Burch HB. Clinical features associated with an increased risk of thyroid malignancy in patients with follicular neoplasia by fine-needle aspiration. Thyroid 1998;8:377-83.

258. Kumar H, Daykin J, Holder R, Watkinson JC, Sheppard M and Franklyn JA. Gender, clinical findings and serum thyrotropin measurements in the prediction of thyroid neoplasia in 1005 patients presenting with thyroid enlargement and investigated by fine-needle aspiration cytology. Thyroid 1999;11:1105-9.

259. Moosa M and Mazzaferri EL. Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed in pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2862-6.

260. Oertel YC. A pathologist trying to help endocrinologists to interpret cytology reports from thyroid aspirates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1459-61.

261. De Micco, Zoro P, Garcia S, Skoog L, Tani EM, C. PK and Henry JF. Thyroid peroxidase immunodetection as a tool to assist diagnosis of thyroid nodules on fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:474-9.

262. Faroux MJ, Theobald S, Pluot M, Patey M and Menzies D. Evaluation of the monoclonal antithyroperoxidase MoAb47 in the diagnostic decision of cold thyroid nodules by fine-needle aspiration. Pathol Res Pract 1997;193:705-12.

263. Inohara H, Honjo Y, Yoshii T, Akahani S, Yoshida J, Hattori K, Okamoto S, Sawada T, Raz A and Kubo T. Expression of galectin-3 in fine-needle aspirates as a diagnostic marker differentiating benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms. Cancer 1999;85:2475-84.

264. Medeiros-Neto G, Nascimento MC, Bisi H, Alves VA, Longatto-Filho A and Kanamura CT. Differential reactivity for Galectin-3 in Hurthle Cell Adenomas and Carcinomas. Endocr Pathol 2001;12:275-9.

265. Saggiorato E, Cappia S, De Guili P, Mussa A, Pancani G, Caraci P, Angeli A and Orlandi F. Galectin - 3 as a presurgical immunocytodiagnostic marker of minimally invasive follicular carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metabl 2001;86:5152-8.

266. Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, Bussolati G, Lucante T, Khan A, Inohara H, Marandino F, Orkandi F, Nardi F, Vacchione A, Tecce R and Larsson O. Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. Lancet 2001;357:1644-50.

267. Goellner JR. Problems and pitfalls in thyroid cytology. Monogr Pathol 1997;39:75-93.

268. Oertel YC, O. J. Diagnosis of benign thyroid lesions: fine-needle aspiration and histopathologic correlation. Ann Diagn Pathol 1998;2:250-63.

269. Baldet L, Manderscheid JC, Glinoer D, Jaffiol C, Coste-Seignovert B and Percheron C. The management of differentiated thyroid cancer in Europe in 1988. Results of an international survey. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989;120:547-58.

270. Baloch ZW, Fleisher S, LiVolsi VA and Gupta PK. Diagnosis of "follicular neoplasm": a gray zone in thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2002;26:41-4.

271. Herrmann ME, LiVolsi VA, Pasha TL, Roberts SA, Wojcik EM and Baloch ZW. Immunohistochemical expression of Galectin-3 in benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002;126:710-13.

272. Leteurtre E, Leroy Z, Pattou F, Wacrenier A, Carnaille B, Proye C and Lecomte-Houcke M. Why do frozen sections have limited value in encapsulated or minimally invasive follicular carcinoma of the thyroid? Amer J Clin Path 2001;115:370-4.

273. Stojadinovic A, Ghossein RA, Hoos A, Urist MJ, Spiro RH, Shah JP, Brennan MF, Shaha AR and Singh B. Hurthle cell carcinoma: a critical histopathologic appraisal. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2616-25.

274. Carmeci C, Jeffrey RB, McDougall IR, Nowels KW and Weigel RJ. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid masses. Thyroid 1998;8:283-9.

275. Yang GCH, Liebeskind D and Messina AV. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid assessed by ultrafast papanicoulaou stain: Data from 1135 biopsies with a two- six-year follow-up. Thyroid 2001;6:581-9.

276. Fisher DA, Dussault JH, Foley TP, Klein AH, LaFranchi S, Larsen PR, Mitchell NL, Murphey WH and Walfish PG. Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: results of screening one million North American infants. J Pediatr 1979;94:700.

277. Brown AL, Fernhoff PM, Milner J, McEwen C and Elsas LS. Racial differences in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr 1981;99:934-.

278. LaFranchi SH, Dussault JH, Fisher DA, Foley TP and Mitchell ML. Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism: Recommended guidelines. Pediatrics 1993;91:1203-9.

279. Gruters A, Delange F, Giovanelli G, Klett M, Richiccioli P, Torresani T et al. Guidelines for neonatal screening programmes for congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatr 1993;152:974-5.

280. Toublanc JE. Guidelines for neonatal screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism. Acta Paediatr 1999;88 Suppl 432:13-4.

281. Vulsma T, Gons MH and de Vijlder JJ. Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis. N Engl J Med 1989;321:13-6.

282. Gruneiro-Papendieck L, Prieto L, Chiesa A, Bengolea S, Bossi G and Bergada C. Usefulness of thyroxine and free thyroxine filter paper measurements in neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism of preterm babies. J Med Screen 2000;7:78-81.

283. Hanna DE, Krainz PL, Skeels MR, Miyahira RS, Sesser DE and LaFranchi SH. Detection of congenital hypopituitary hypothyroidism: Ten year experience in the Northwest Regional Screening Program. J Pediatr 1986;109:959-64.

284. Fisher DA. Hypothyroxinemia in premature infants: is thyroxine treatment necessary? Thyroid 1999;9:715-20.

285. Wang ST, Pizzalato S and Demshar HP. Diagnostic effectiveness of TSH screening and of T4 with secondary TSH screening for newborn congenital hypothyroidism. Clin Chim Acta 1998;274:151-8.

286. Delange F. Screening for congenital hypothyroidism used as an indicator of the degree of IDD and its control. Thyroid 1998;8:1185-92.

287. Law WY, Bradley DM, Lazarus JH, John R and Gregory JW. Congenital hypothyroidism in Wales (1982-93): demographic features, clinical presentation and effects on early neurodevelopment. Clin Endocrinol 1998;48:201-7.

288. Mei JV, Alexander JR, Adam BW and Hannon WH. Use of filter paper for the collection and analysis of human whole blood specimens. J Nutr 2001;131:1631S-6S.

289. LaFranchi SH, Hanna CE, Krainz PL, Skeels MR, Miyahira RS and Sesser DE. Screening for congenital hypothyroidism with specimen collection at two time periods: Results of the Northwest Regional Screening Program. J Pediatr 1985;76:734-40.

290. Zakarija M, McKenzie JM and Eidson MS. Transient neonatal hypothyroidism: Characterization of maternal antibodies to the Thyrotropin Receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:1239-46.

291. Matsuura N, Yamada Y, Nohara Y, Konishi J, Kasagi K, Endo K, Kojima H and Wataya K. Familial neonatal transient hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins. N Engl J Med 1980;303:738-41.

292. McKenzie JM and Zakaria M. Fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH receptor antibodies. Thyroid 1992;2:155-9.

293. Vogiatzi MG and Kirkland JL. Frequency and necessity of thyroid function tests in neonates and infants with congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatr 1997;100.

294. Pohlenz J, Rosenthal IM, Weiss RE, Jhiang SM, Burant C and Refetoff S. Congenital hypothyroidism due to mutations in the sodium/iodide symporter. Identification of a nonsense mutation producing a downstream cryptic 3' splice site. J Clin Invest 1998;101:1028-35.

295. Nordyke RA, Reppun TS, Mandanay LD, Wood JC, Goldstein AP and Miyamoto LA. Alternative sequences of thyrotropin and free thyroxine assays for routine thyroid function testing. Quality and cost. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:266-72.

© 2003 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Cite this: Total Thyroxine (TT4) and Total Triiodothyronine (TT3) Methods - Medscape - Jan 01, 2003.