Total Thyroxine (TT4) and Total Triiodothyronine (TT3) Methods

References 1-200

1. Nohr SB, Laurberg P, Borlum KG, Pedersen Km, Johannesen PL, Damm P. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy in Denmark. Regional variations and frequency of individual iodine supplementation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:350-3.

2. Glinoer D. Pregnancy and iodine. Thyroid 2001;11:471-81.

3. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, Flanders DW, Gunter EW, Maberly GF et al. Iodine nutrition in the Unites States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3398-400.

4. Wartofsky L, Glinoer D, Solomon d, Nagataki S, Lagasse R, Nagayama Y et al. Differences and similarities in the diagnosis and treatment of Graves disease in Europe, Japan and the United States. Thyroid 1990;1:129-35.

5. Singer PA, Cooper DS, Levy EG, Ladenson PW, Braverman LE, Daniels G et al. Treatment guidelines for patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. JAMA 1995;273:808-12.

6. Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG et al. Treatment Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Well-differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:2165-72.

7. Vanderpump MPJ, Ahlquist JAO, Franklyn JA and Clayton RN. Consensus statement for good practice and audit measures in the management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Br Med J 1996;313:539-44.

8. Laurberg P, Nygaard B, Glinoer D, Grussendorf M and Orgiazzi J. Guidelines for TSH-receptor antibody measurements in pregnancy: results of an evidence-based symposium organized by the European Thyroid Association. Eur J Endocrinol 1998;139:584-6.

9. Cobin RH, Gharib H, Bergman DA, Clark OH, Cooper DS, Daniels GH et al. AACE/AAES Medical/Surgical Guidelines for Clinical Practice: Management of Thyroid Carcinoma. Endocrine Pract 2001;7:203-20.

10. Ladenson PW, Singer PA, Ain KB, Bagchi N, Bigos ST, Levy EG et al. American Thyroid Association Guidelines for detection of thyroid dysfunction. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1573-5.

11. Brandi ML, Gagel RJ, Angeli A, Bilezikian JP, Beck-Peccoz P, Bordi C et al. Consensus Guidelines for Diagnosis and Therapy of MEN Type 1 and Type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:5658-71.

12. Werner and Ingbar's "The Thyroid". A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 2000. Braverman LE and Utiger RD eds.

13. DeGroot LJ, Larsen PR, Hennemann G, eds. The Thyroid and Its Diseases. (www.thyroidmanager.org) 2000.

14. Piketty ML, D'Herbomez M, Le Guillouzic D, Lebtahi R, Cosson E, Dumont A et al. Clinical comparision of three labeled-antibody immunoassays of free triiodothyronine. Clin Chem 1996;42:933-41.

15. Sapin R, Schlienger JL, Goichot B, Gasser F and Grucker D. Evaluation of the Elecsys free triiodothyronine assay; relevance of age-related reference ranges. Clin Biochem 1998;31:399-404.

16. Robbins J. Thyroid hormone transport proteins and the physiology of hormone binding. In "Hormones in Blood". Academic Press, London 1996. Gray CH, James VHT, eds. pp 96-110.

17. Demers LM. Thyroid function testing and automation. J Clin Ligand Assay 1999;22:38-41.

18. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, Flanders WD, Gunter EW, Spencer CA et al. Serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): |NHANES III. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:489-99.

19. Wardle CA, Fraser WD and Squire CR. Pitfalls in the use of thyrotropin concentration as a first-line thyroid-function test. Lancet 2001;357:1013-4.

20. Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Patel A, Guttler RB, Eigen A, Shen D et al. Applications of a new chemiluminometric thyrotropin assay to subnormal measurement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:453-60.

21. Meikle, A. W., J. D. Stringham, M. G. Woodward and J. C. Nelson. Hereditary and environmental influences on the variation of thyroid hormones in normal male twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:588-92.

22. Andersen S, Pedersen KM, Bruun NH and Laurberg P. Narrow individual variations in serum T4 and T3 in normal subjects: a clue to the understanding of subclinical thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1068-72.

23. Cooper, D. S., R. Halpern, L. C. Wood, A. A. Levin and E. V. Ridgway. L-thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:18-24.

24. Biondi B, Fazio E, Palmieri EA, Carella C, Panza N, Cittadini A et al. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;2064-7.

25. Hak AE, Pols HAP, Visser TJ, Drexhage HA, Hofman A and Witteman JCM. Subclinical Hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:270-8.

26. Michalopoulou G, Alevizaki M, Piperingos G, Mitsibounas D, Mantzos E, Adamopoulos P et al. High serum cholesterol levels in persons with 'high-normal' TSH levels: should one extend the definition of subclinical hypothyroidism? Eur J Endocrinol 1998;138:141-5.

27. Beck-Peccoz P, Brucker-Davis F, Persani L, Smallridge RC and Weintraub BD. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Endocrine Rev 1996;17:610-38.

28. Brucker-Davis F, Oldfield EH, Skarulis MC, Doppman JL and Weintraub BD. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors: diagnostic criteria, thyroid hormone sensitivity and treatment outcome in 25 patients followed at the National Institutes of Health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76 1999;:1089-94.

29. Oliveira JH, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P and Abucham J. Investigating the paradox of hypothyroidism and increased serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels in Sheehan's syndrome: characterization of TSH carbohydrate content and bioactivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1694-9.

30. Uy H, Reasner CA and Samuels MH. Pattern of recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid axis following radioactive iodine therapy in patients with Graves' disease. Amer J Med 1995;99:173-9.

31. Hershman JM, Pekary AE, Berg L, Solomon DH and Sawin CT. Serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in elderly and middle-aged euthyroid persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:823-8.

32. Fraser CG. Age-related changes in laboratory test results. Clinical applications. Drugs Aging 1993;3:246-57.

33. Fraser CG. 2001. Biological Variation: from principles to practice. AACC Press, Washington DC.

34. Drinka PJ, Siebers M and Voeks SK. Poor positive predictive value of low sensitive thyrotropin assay levels for hyperthyroidism in nursing home residents. South Med J 1993;86:1004-7.

35. Vanderpump MPJ, Tunbridge WMG, French JM, Appleton D, Bates D, Rodgers H et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community; a twenty year follow up of the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol 1995;43:55-68.

36. Sawin CT, Geller A, Kaplan MM, Bacharach P, Wilson PW, Hershman JM et al. Low serum thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone) in older persons without hyperthyroidism. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:165-8.

37. Parle JV, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard MC, Boyle P and Franklyn JA. Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly people from one low serum thyrotropin result: a 10-year study. Lancet 2001;358:861-5.

38. Nelson JC, Clark SJ, Borut DL, Tomei RT and Carlton EI. Age-related changes in serum free thyroxine during childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr 1993;123:899-905.

39. Adams LM, Emery JR, Clark SJ, Carlton EI and Nelson JC. Reference ranges for newer thyroid function tests in premature infants. J Pediatr 1995;126:122-7.

40. Lu FL, Yau KI, Tsai KS, Tang JR, Tsao PN and Tsai WY. Longitudinal study of serum free thyroxine and thyrotropin levels by chemiluminescent immunoassay during infancy. T'aiwan Erh K'o i Hseh Hui Tsa Chih 1999;40:255-7.

41. Zurakowski D, Di Canzio J and Majzoub JA. Pediatric reference intervals for serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyrotropin and free thyroxine. Clin Chem 1999;45:1087-91.

42. Fisher DA, Nelson JC, Carlton Ei and Wilcox RB. Maturation of human hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function and control. Thyroid 2000;10:229-34.

43. Fisher DA, Schoen EJ, La Franchi S, Mandel SH, Nelson JC, Carlton EI and Goshi JH. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid negative feedback control axis in children with treated congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2722-7.

44. Penny R, Spencer CA, Frasier SD and Nicoloff JT. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroglobulin (Tg) levels decrease with chronological age in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:177-80.

45. Verheecke P. Free triiodothyronine concentration in serum of 1050 euthyroid children is inversely related to their age. Clin Chem 1997;43:963-7.

46. Glinoer D, De Nayer P, Bourdoux P, Lemone M, Robyn C, van Steirteghem A et al. Regulation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:276-87.

47. Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocrinol Rev 1997;18:404-33.

48. Weeke J, Dybkjaer L, Granlie K, Eskjaer Jensen S, Kjaerulff E, Laurberg P et al. A longitudinal study of serum TSH and total and free iodothyronines during normal pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol 1982;101:531-7.

49. Pedersen KM, Laurberg P, Iversen E, Knudsen PR, Gregersen HE, Rasmussen OS et al. Amelioration of some pregnancy associated variation in thyroid function by iodine supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1078-83.

50. Nohr SB, Jorgensen A, Pedersen KM and Laurberg P. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction in pregnant thyroid peroxidase antibody-positive women living in an area with mild to moderate iodine deficiency: Is iodine supplementation safe? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3191-8.

51. Panesar NS, Li CY and Rogers MS. Reference intervals for thyroid hormones in pregnant Chinese women. Ann Clin Biochem 2001;38:329-32.

52. Nissim M, Giorda G, Ballabio M, D'Alberton A, Bochicchio D, Orefice R et al. Maternal thyroid function in early and late pregnancy. Horm Res 1991;36:196-202.

53. Talbot JA, Lambert A, Anobile CJ, McLoughlin JD, Price A, Weetman AP et al. The nature of human chorionic gonadotropin glycoforms in gestational thyrotoxicosis. Clin Endocrinol 2001;55:33-9.

54. Jordan V, Grebe SK, Cooke RR, Ford HC, Larsen PD, Stone PR et al. Acidic isoforms of chorionic gonadotrophin in European and Samoan women are associated with hyperemesis gravidarum and may |be thyrotrophic. Clin Endocrinol 1999;50:619-27.

55. Goodwin TM, Montoro M, Mestman JH, Pekary AE and Hershman JM. The role of chorionic gonadotropin in transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:1333-7.

56. Hershman JM. Human chorionic gonadotropin and the thyroid: hyperemesis gravidarum and trophoblastic tumors. Thyroid 1999;9:653-7.

57. McElduff A. Measurement of free thyroxine (T4) in pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obst Gynecol 1999;39:158-61.

58. Christofides, N., Wilkinson E, Stoddart M, Ray DC and Beckett GJ. Assessment of serum thyroxine binding capacity-dependent biases in free thyroxine assays. Clin Chem 1999;45:520-5.

59. Roti E, Gardini E, Minelli R, Bianconi L, Flisi M,. Thyroid function evaluation by different commercially available free thyroid hormone measurement kits in term pregnant women and their newborns. J Endocrinol Invest 1991;14:1-9.

60. Stockigt JR. Free thyroid hormone measurement: a critical appraisal. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2001;30:265-89.

61. Mandel SJ, Larsen PR, Seely EW and Brent GA. Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. NEJM 1990;323:91-6.

62. Burrow GN, Fisher DA and Larsen PR. Maternal and fetal thyroid function. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1072-8.

63. Pop VJ, De Vries E, Van Baar AL, Waelkens JJ, De Rooy HA, Horsten M et al. Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: a marker of impaired child development? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3561-6.

64. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, K. G. Williams JR, Gagnon J, O'Heir CE et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. NEJM 1999;341:549-55.

65. Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, Verkerk G, van Son MM, de Vijlder JJ et al. Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol 1999;50:147-8.

66. Radetti G, Gentili L, Paganini C, Oberhofer R, Deluggi I and Delucca A. Psychomotor and audiological assessment of infants born to mothers with subclinical thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy. Minerva Pediatr 2000;52:691-8.

67. Surks MI and Sievert R. Drugs and thyroid function. NEJM 1995;333:1688-94.

68. Kailajarvi M, Takala T, Gronroos P, Tryding N, Viikari J, Irjala K et al. Reminders of drug effects on laboratory test results. Clin Chem 2000;46:1395-1400.

69. Brabant A, Brabant G, Schuermeyer T, Ranft U, Schmidt FW, Hesch RD et al. The role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of thyrotropin. Acta Endocrinol 1989;121:95-100.

70. Samuels MH and McDaniel PA. Thyrotropin levels during hydrocortisone infusions that mimic fasting-induced cortisol elevations: a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3700-4.

71. Kaptein EM, Spencer CA, Kamiel MB and Nicoloff JT. Prolonged dopamine administration and thyroid hormone economy in normal and critically ill subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;51:387-93.

72. Geffner DL and Hershman JM. Beta-adrenergic blockade for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Am J Med 1992;93:61-8.

73. Meurisse M, Gollogly MM, Degauque C, Fumal I, Defechereux T and Hamoir E. Iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis: causal circumstances, pathophysiology and principles of treatment- reviw of the literature. World J Surg 2000;24:1377-85.

74. Martino E, Aghini-Lombardi F, Mariotti S, Bartelena L, Braverman LE and Pinchera A. Amiodarone: a common source of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. Horm Res 1987;26:158-71.

75. Martino E, Bartalena L, Bogazzi F and Braverman LE. The effects of amiodarone on the Thyroid. Endoc Rev 2001;22:240-54.

76. Daniels GH. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3-8.

77. Harjai KJ and Licata AA. Effects of amiodarone on thyroid function. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:63-73.

78. Caron P. Effect of amiodarone on thyroid function. Press Med 1995;24:1747-51.

79. Bartalena L, Grasso L, Brogioni S, Aghini-Lombardi F, Braverman LE and Martino E. Serum interleukin-6 in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:423-7.

80. Eaton SE, Euinton HA, Newman CM, Weetman AP and Bennet WM. Clinical experience of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis over a 3-year period: role of colour-flow Doppler sonography. Clin Endocrinol 2002;56:33-8.

81. Lazarus JH. The effects of lithium therapy on thyroid and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Thyroid 1998;8:909-13.

82. Kusalic M and Engelsmann F. Effect of lithium maintenance therapy on thyroid and parathyroid function. J Psych Neurosci 1999;24:227-33.

83. Oakley PW, Dawson AH and Whyte IM. Lithium: thyroid effects and altered renal handling. Clin Toxicol 2000;38:333-7.

84. Mendel CM, Frost PH, Kunitake ST and Cavalieri RR. Mechanism of the heparin-induced increase in the concentration of free thyroxine in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;65:1259-64.

85. Iitaka M, Kawasaki S, Sakurai S, Hara Y, Kuriyama R, Yamanaka K et al. Serum substances that interfere with thyroid hormone assays in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Endocrinol 1998;48:739-46.

86. Bowie LJ, Kirkpatrick PB and Dohnal JC. Thyroid function testing with the TDx: Interference from endogenous fluorophore. Clin Chem 1987;33:1467.

87. DeGroot LJ and Mayor G. Admission screening by thyroid function tests in an acute general care teaching hospital. Amer J Med 1992;93:558-64.

88. Kaptein EM. Thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid diseases in chronic renal failure. Endocrinol Rev 1996;17:45-63.

89. Van den Berghe G, De Zegher F and Bouillon R. Acute and prolonged critical illness as different neuroendocrine paradigms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1827-34.

90. Van den Berhe G. Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;143:1-13.

91. Wartofsky L and Burman KD. Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the "euthyroid sick syndrome". Endocrinol Rev 1982;3:164-217.

92. Spencer CA, Eigen A, Duda M, Shen D, Qualls S, Weiss S et al. Sensitive TSH tests - specificity limitations for screening for thyroid disease in hospitalized patients. Clin Chem 1987;33:1391-1396.

93. Stockigt JR. Guidelines for diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease: nonthyroidal illness. Clin Chem 1996;42:188-92.

94. Nelson JC and Weiss RM. The effects of serum dilution on free thyroxine (T4) concentration in the low T4 syndrome of nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;61:239-46.

95. Chopra IJ, Huang TS, Beredo A, Solomon DH, Chua Teco GN. Serum thyroid hormone binding inhibitor in non thyroidal illnesses. Metabolism 1986;35:152-9.

96. Wang R, Nelson JC and Wilcox RB. Salsalate administration - a potential pharmacological model of the sick euthyroid syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3095-9.

97. Sapin R, Schliener JL, Kaltenbach G, Gasser F, Christofides N, Roul G et al. Determination of free triiodothyronine by six different methods in patients with non-thyroidal illness and in patients treated with amiodarone. Ann Clin Biochem 1995;32:314-24.

98. Docter R, van Toor H, Krenning EP, de Jong M and Hennemann G. Free thyroxine assessed with three assays in sera of patients with nonthyroidal illness and of subjects with abnormal concentrations of thyroxine-binding proteins. Clin Chem 1993;39:1668-74.

99. Wilcox RB, Nelson JC and Tomei RT. Heterogeneity in affinities of serum proteins for thyroxine among patients with non-thyroidal illness as indicated by the serum free thyroxine response to serum dilution. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:9-13.

100. Liewendahl K, Tikanoja S, Mahonen H, Helenius T, Valimaki M and Tallgren LG. Concentrations of iodothyronines in serum of patients with chronic renal failure and other nonthyroidal illnesses: role of free fatty acids. Clin Chem 1987;33:1382-6.

101. Sapin R, Schlienger JL,Gasser F, Noel E, Lioure B, Grunenberger F. Intermethod discordant free thyroxine measurements in bone marrow-transplanted patients. Clin Chem 2000;46:418-22.

102. Chopra IJ. Simultaneous measurement of free thyroxine and free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in undiluted serum by direct equilibriium dialysis/radioimmunoassay: evidence that free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine are normal in many patients with the low triiodothyronine syndrome. Thyroid 1998;8:249-57.

103. Hamblin PS, Dyer SA, Mohr VS, Le Grand BA, Lim C-F, Tuxen DB, Topliss DJ and Stockigt JR. Relationship between thyrotropin and thyroxine changes during recovery from severe hypothyroxinemia of critical illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:717-22.

104. Brent GA and Hershman JM. Thyroxine therapy in patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses and low serum thyroxine concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:1-8.

105. De Groot LJ. Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:151-64.

106. Burman KD and Wartofsky L. Thyroid function in the intensive care unit setting. Crit Care Clin 2001;17:43-57.

107. Behrend EN, Kemppainen RJ and Young DW. Effect of storage conditions on cortisol, total thyroxine and free thyroxine concentrations in serum and plasma of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1564-8.

108. Oddie TH, Klein AH, Foley TP and Fisher DA. Variation in values for iodothyronine hormones, thyrotropin and thyroxine binding globulin in normal umbilical-cord serum with season and duration of storage. Clin Chem 1979;25:1251-3.

109. Koliakos G, Gaitatzi M and Grammaticos P. Stability of serum TSH concentratin after non refriferated storage. Minerva Endocrinol 1999;24:113-5.

110. Waite KV, Maberly GF and Eastman CJ. Storage conditions and stability of thyrotropin and thyroid hormones on filter paper. Clin Chem 1987;33:853-5.

111. Levinson SS. The nature of heterophilic antibodies and their role in immunoassay interference. J Clin Immunoassay 1992;15:108-15.

112. Norden AGM, Jackson RA, Norden LE, Griffin AJ, Barnes MA and Little JA. Misleading results for immunoassays of serum free thyroxine in the presence of rheumatoid factor. Clin Chem 1997;43:957-62.

113. Covinsky M, Laterza O, Pfeifer JD, Farkas-Szallasi T and Scott MG. Lambda antibody to Esherichia coli produces false-positive results in multiple immunometric assays. Clin Chem 2000;46:1157-61.

114. Martel J, Despres N, Ahnadi CE, Lachance JF, Monticello JE, Fink G, Ardemagni A, Banfi G, Tovey J, Dykes P, John R, Jeffery J and Grant AM. Comparative multicentre study of a panel of thyroid tests using different automated immunoassay platforms and specimens at high risk of antibody interference. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000;38:785-93.

115. Howanitz PJ, Howanitz JH, Lamberson HV and Ennis KM. Incidence and mechanism of spurious increases in serum Thyrotropin. Clin Chem 1982;28:427-31.

116. Boscato, L. M. and M. C. Stuart. Heterophilic antibodies: a problem for all immunoassays. Clin Chem 1988;34:27-33.

117. Kricka LJ. Human anti-animal antibody interference in immunological assays. Clin Chem 1999;45:942-56.

118. Sapin R and Simon C. False hyperprolactinemia corrected by the use of heterophilic antibody-blocking agent. Clin Chem 2001;47:2184-5.

119. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Petersen PH, Blaabjerg O and Horder M. Long-term variability in serum thyroglobulin and thyroid related hormones in healthy subjects. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1980;95:328-34.

120. Browning MCK, Ford RP, Callaghan SJ and Fraser CG. Intra-and interindividual biological variation of five analytes used in assessing thyroid function: implications for necessary standards of performance and the interpretation of results. Clin Chem 1986;32:962-6.

121. Lum SM and Nicoloff JT. Peripheral tissue mechanism for maintenance of serum triiodothyronine values in a thyroxine-deficient state in man. J Clin Invest 1984;73:570-5.

122. Spencer CA and Wang CC. Thyroglobulin measurement:- Techniques, clinical benefits and pitfalls. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Amer 1995;24:841-63.

123. Weeke J and Gundersen HJ. Circadian and 30 minute variations in serum TSH and thyroid hormones in normal subjects. Acta Endocrinol 1978;89:659-72.

124. Brabant G, Prank K, Hoang-Vu C and von zur Muhlen A. Hypothalamic regulation of pulsatile thyrotropin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:145-50.

125. Fraser CG, Petersen PH, Ricos C and Haeckel R. Proposed quality specifications for the imprecision and inaccuracy of analytical systems for clinical chemistry. Eur J Clin Chem Biochem 1992;30:311-7.

126. Rodbard, D. Statistical estimation of the minimal detectable concentration ("sensitivity") for radioligand assays. Anal Biochem 1978;90:1-12.

127. Ekins R and Edwards P. On the meaning of "sensitivity". Clin Chem 1997;43:1824-31.

128. Fuentes-Arderiu X and Fraser CG. Analytical goals for interference. Ann Clin Biochem 1991;28:393-5.

129. Petersen PH, Fraser CG, Westgard JO and Larsen ML. Analytical goal-setting for monitoring patients when two analytical methods are used. Clin Chem 1992;38:2256-60.

130. Fraser CG and Petersen PH. Desirable standards for laboratory tests if they are to fulfill medical needs. Clin Chem 1993;39:1453-5.

131. Stockl D, Baadenhuijsen H, Fraser CG, Libeer JC, Petersen PH and Ricos C. Desirable routine analytical goals for quantities assayed in serum. Discussion paper from the members of the external quality assessment (EQA) Working Group A on analytical goals in laboratory medicine. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995;33:157-69.

132. Plebani M, Giacomini A, Beghi L, de Paoli M, Roveroni G, Galeotti F, Corsini A and Fraser CG. Serum tumor markers in monitoring patients: interpretation of results using analytical and biological variation. Anticancer Res 1996;16:2249-52.

133. Browning MC, Bennet WM, Kirkaldy AJ and Jung RT. Intra-individual variation of thyroxin, triiodothyronine and thyrotropin in treated hypothyroid patients: implications for monitoring replacement therapy. Clin Chem 1988;34:696-9.

134. Harris EK. Statistical principles underlying analytic goal-setting in clinical chemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 1979;72:374-82.

135. Nelson JC and Wilcox RB. Analytical performance of free and total thyroxine assays. Clin Chem 1996;42:146-54.

136. Evans SE, Burr WA and Hogan TC. A reassessment of 8-anilino-1-napthalene sulphonic acid as a thyroxine binding inhibitor in the radioimmunoassay of thyroxine. Ann Clin Biochem 1977;14:330-4.

137. Karapitta CD, Sotiroudis TG, Papadimitriou A and Xenakis A. Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for triiodothyronine in serum. Clin Chem 2001;47:569-74.

138. De Brabandere VI, Hou P, Stockl D, Theinpont LM and De Leenheer AP. Isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of serum thyroxine as a potential reference method. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 1998;12:1099-103.

139. Tai SSC, Sniegoski LT and Welch MJ. Candidate reference method for total thyroxine in human serum: Use of isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Clin Chem 2002;48:637-42.

140. Thienpont LM, Fierens C, De Leenheer AP and Przywara L. Isotope dilution-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/electro-spray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of triiodo-L-thyronine in serum. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 1999;13:1924-31.

141. Sarne DH, Refetoff S, Nelson JC and Linarelli LG. A new inherited abnormality of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG-San Diego) with decreased affinity for thyroxine and triiodothyronine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:114-9.

142. Schussler GC. The thyroxine-binding proteins. Thyroid 2000;10:141-9.

143. Beck-Peccoz P, Romelli PB, Cattaneo MG, Faglia G, White EL, Barlow JW et al. Evaluation of free T4 methods in the presence of iodothyronine autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:736-9.

144. Sakata S, Nakamura S and Miura K. Autoantibodies against thyroid hormones or iodothyronine. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:579-89.

145. Despres N and Grant AM. Antibody interference in thyroid assays: a potential for clinical misinformation. Clin Chem 1998;44:440-54.

146. Hay ID, Bayer MF, Kaplan MM, Klee GG, Larsen PR and Spencer CA. American Thyroid Association Assessment of Current Free Thyroid Hormone and Thyrotropin Measurements and Guidelines for Future Clinical Assays. Clin Chem 1991;37:2002 - 2008.

147. Ekins R. The science of free hormone measurement. Proc UK NEQAS Meeting 1998;3:35-59.

148. Wang R, Nelson JC, Weiss RM and Wilcox RB. Accuracy of free thyroxine measurements across natural ranges of thyroxine binding to serum proteins. Thyroid 2000;10:31-9.

149. Nelson JC, Wilcox BR and Pandian MR. Dependence of free thyroxine estimates obtained with equilibrium tracer dialysis on the concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin. Clin Chem 1992;38:1294-1300.

150. Ekins R. The free hormone hypothesis and measurement of free hormones. Clin Chem 1992;38:1289-93.

151. Ekins RP. Ligand assays: from electrophoresis to miniaturized microarrays. Clin Chem 1998;44:2015-30.

152. Ekins R. Analytic measurements of free thyroxine. Clin Lab Med 1993;13:599-630.

153. Nusynowitz, M. L. Free-thyroxine index. JAMA 1975;232:1050.

154. Larsen PR, Alexander NM, Chopra IJ, Hay ID, Hershman JM, Kaplan MM et al. Revised nomenclature for tests of thyroid hormones and thyroid-related proteins in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:1089-94.

155. Burr WA, Evans SE, Lee J, Prince HP, Ramsden DB. The ratio of thyroxine to thyroxine-binding globulin measurement in the evaluation of thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol 1979;11:333-42.

156. Attwood EC and Atkin GE. The T4: TBG ratio: a re-evaluation with particular reference to low and high serum TBG levels. Ann Clin Biochem 1982;19:101-3.

157. Szpunar WE, Stoffer SS and DiGiulio W. Clinical evaluation of a thyroxine binding globulin assay in calculationg a free thyroxine index in normal, thyroid disease and sick euthyroid patients. J Nucl Med 1987;28:1341-3.

158. Nelson JC and Tomei RT. Dependence of the thyroxin/thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG) ratio and the free thyroxin index on TBG concentrations. Clin Chem 1989;35:541-4.

159. Sterling K and Brenner MA. Free thyroxine in human serum: Simplified measurement with the aid of magnesium precipitation. J Clin Invest 1966;45:153-60.

160. Schulssler GC and Plager JE. Effect of preliminary purification of 131-Thyroxine on the determination of free thyroxine in serum. J Clin Endocrinol 1967;27:242-50.

161. Nelson JC and Tomei RT. A direct equilibrium dialysis/radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of free thyroxin in undiluted serum. Clin Chem 1988;34:1737-44.

162. Tikanoja SH. Ultrafiltration devices tested for use in a free thyroxine assay validated by comparison with equilibrium dialysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1990;50:663-9.

163. Ellis SM and Ekins R. Direct measurement by radioimmunoassay of the free thyroid hormone concentrations in serum. Acta Endocrinol (Suppl) 1973;177:106-110.

164. Weeke J and Orskov H. Ultrasensitive radioimmunoassay for direct determination of free triiodothyronine concentration in serum. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1975;35:237-44.

165. Surks MI, Hupart KH, Chao P and Shapiro LE. Normal free thyroxine in critical nonthyroidal illnessess measured by ultrafiltration of undiluted serum and equilibrium dialysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:1031-9.

166. Holm SS andreasen L, Hansen SH, Faber J and Staun-Olsen P. Influence of adsorption and deproteination on potential free thyroxine reference methods. Clin Chem 2002;48:108-114.

167. Jaume JC, Mendel CM, Frost PH,Greenspan FS, Laughton CW. Extremely low doses of heparin release lipase activity into the plasma and can thereby cause artifactual elevations in the serum-free thyroxine concentrations as measured by equilibrium dialysis. Thyroid 1996;6:79-83.

168. Stevenson HP, Archbold GP, Johnston P, Young IS, Sheridan B. Misleading serum free thyroxine results during low molecular weight heparin treatment. Clin Chem 1998;44:1002-7.

169. Laji K, Rhidha B, John R, Lazarus J and Davies JS. Artifactual elevations in serum free thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations during heparin therapy. QJM 2001;94:471-3.

170. Lim CF, Bai Y, Topliss DJ, Barlow JW and Stockigt JR. Drug and fatty acid effects on serum thyroid hormone binding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:682-8.

171. Czako, G., M. H. Zweig, C. Benson and M. Ruddel. On the albumin-dependence of measurements of free thyroxin. II Patients with non-thyroidal illness. Clin Chem 1987;33:87-92.

172. Csako G, Zwieg MH, Glickman J, Ruddel M and K. J. Direct and indirect techniques for free thyroxin compared in patients with nonthyroidal illness. II. Effect of prealbumin, albumin and thyroxin-binding globulin. Clin Chem 1989;35:1655-62.

173. Csako G, Zweig MH, Glickman J, Kestner J and Ruddel M. Direct and indirect techniques for free thyroxin compared in patients with nonthyroidal illness. I. Effect of free fatty acids. Clin Chem 1989;35:102-9.

174. Ross HA and Benraad TJ. Is free thyroxine accurately measurable at room temperature? Clin Chem 1992;38:880-6.

175. Van der Sluijs Veer G, Vermes I, Bonte HA and Hoorn RKJ. Temperature effects on Free Thyroxine Measurement: Analytical and Clinical Consequences. Clin Chem 1992;38:1327-31.

176. Fisher DA. The hypothyroxinemia of prematurity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1701-3.

177. Stockigt JR, Stevens V, White EL and Barlow JW. Unbound analog radioimmunoassays for free thyroxin measure the albumin-bound hormone fraction. Clin Chem 1983;29:1408-10.

178. Aravelo G. Prevalence of familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia in serum samples received for thyroid testing. Clin Chem 1991;37:1430-1.

179. Sapin R and Gasser F. Anti-solid phase antibodies interfering in labeled-antibody assays for free thyroid hormones. Clin Chem 1995;45:1790-1.

180. Inada M and Sterling K. Thyroxine transport in thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. J Clin Invest 1967;46:1442-50.

181. Lueprasitsakul W, Alex S, Fang SL, Pino S, Irmscher K, Kohrle J et al. Flavonoid administration immediately displaces thyroxine (T4) from serum transthyretin, increases serum free T4 and decreases serum thyrotropin in the rat. Endocrinol 1990;126:2890-5.

182. Stockigt JR, Lim CF, Barlow J, Stevens V, Topliss DJ, Wynne KN. High concentrations of furosemide inhibit plasma binding of thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59:62-6.

183. Hawkins RC. Furosemide interference in newer free thyroxine assays. Clin Chem 1998;44:2550-1.

184. Wang R, Nelson JC and Wilcox RB. Salsalate and salicylate binding to and their displacement of thyroxine from thyroxine-binding globulin, transthyrin and albumin. Thyroid 1999;9:359-64.

185. Munro SL, Lim C-F, Hall JG, Barlow JW, Craik DJ, Topliss DJ and Stockigt JR. Drug competition for thyroxine binding to transthyretin (prealbumin): comparison with effects on thyroxine-binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:1141-7.

186. Stockigt JR, Lim C-F, Barlow JW and Topliss DJ. 1997. Thyroid hormone transport. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg. 119 pp.

187. Surks MI and Defesi CR. Normal free thyroxine concentrations in patients treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine: a paradox resolved. JAMA 1996;275:1495-8.

188. Ross HA. A dialysis method for the measurement of free iodothyronine and steroid hormones in blood. Experientia 1978;34:538-9.

189. Sapin R. Serum thyroxine binding capacity-dependent bias in five free thyroxine immunoassays: assessment with serum dilution experiments and impact on diagnostic performance. Clin Biochem 2001;34:367-71.

190. Law LK, Cheung CK and Swaminathan R. Falsely high thyroxine results by fluorescence polarization in sera with high background fluorescence. Clin Chem 1988;34:1918.

191. Kricka LJ. Interferences in Immunoassay - still a threat. Clin Chem 2000;46:1037-8.

192. McBride JH, Rodgerson DO and Allin RE. Choriogonadotrophin interference in a sensitive assay for Thyrotropin. Clin Chem 1987;33:1303-4.

193. Ritter D, Stott R, Grant N and Nahm MH. Endogenous antibodies that interfere with Thyroxine fluorescence polarization assay but not with radioimmunoassay or EMIT. Clin Chem 1993;39:508-11.

194. DeGroot LJ, Larsen PR, Refetoff S and Stanbury JB. The Thyroid and its Diseases. Fifth Edition, 1984;John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York:266-7.

195. Beck-Peccoz P, Amr S, Menezes-Ferreira NM, Faglia G and Weintraub BD. Decreased receptor binding of biologically inactive thyrotropin in central hypothyroidism: effect of treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1085-90.

196. Beck-Peccoz P and Persani L. Variable biological activity of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:331-40.

197. Persani L, Ferretti E, Borgato S, Faglia G and Beck-Peccoz P. Circulating thyrotropin bioactivity in sporadic central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3631-5.

198. Rafferty B and Gaines Das R. Comparison of pituitary and recombinant humaN thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) in a multicenter collaborative study: establishment of the first World Health Organization reference reagent for rhTSH. Clin Chem 1999;45:2207-15.

199. Persani L, Borgato S, Romoli R, Asteria C, Pizzocaro A and Beck-Peccoz P. Changes in the degree of sialylation of carbohydrate chains modify the biological properties of circulating thyrotropin isoforms in various physiological and pathological states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2486-92.

200. Gershengorn MC and Weintraub BD. Thyrotropin-induced hyperthyroidism caused by selective pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone. A new syndrome of "inappropriate secretion of TSH". J Clin Invest 1975;56:633-42.

© 2003 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Cite this: Total Thyroxine (TT4) and Total Triiodothyronine (TT3) Methods - Medscape - Jan 01, 2003.