Introduction
This table provides an overview of antiretroviral agents currently under development. Since these compounds are being actively researched and evaluated, the information in this table may not always be up-to-date, and may change over time; please read and interpret accordingly. If you have further information on a compound, or feel a new drug is missing, please email the author at mschutz@immc.org
| Name & Manufacturer | Dosing | Description |
|---|---|---|
|
Emtricitabine (aka FTC; Brand: Coviracil) Triangle/Abbott |
200 mg once daily | Similar to 3TC, more potent in vitro, same resistance pattern via 184 mutation. Currently in phase II/III; 1.9 log HIV RNA reduction demonstrated in vivo at 2 weeks. Liver toxicity in conjunction with nevirapine observed in studies. Anti-HBV activity in vitro. |
|
Lodenosine (aka F-ddA ) Triangle/Abbott |
Once daily | Similar to ddI but acid-resistant. Possible activity vs. RT mutants, but questionable overall potency in early trials - 0.44 log HIV RNA reduction at 6 weeks - further development on hold. |
|
DOTC (aka BCH 10652) Biochem Pharma |
Once daily; no food effect | Thiacytidine like 3TC, but racemic mixture; enantiomers have different activity. Possibly active against AZT/3TC-resistant strains; first mutation is V75I followed by K65R and M184V; 3TC-resistant strains have 3-fold decreased susceptibility. t_ >12hrs; good CNS penetration. In phase II evaluation, delayed by reports of animal toxicity. |
|
Amdoxovir (aka DAPD) Triangle/Abbott |
300-500 mg twice daily dosing | Guanosine analog with DXG as active metabolite . In vitro activity against AZT/3TC- and multi-resistant strains, including those carrying the codon 69 insertion mutation; resistance with 151M mutation. Currently in phase II. Anti-HBV activity in animal models. |
| D-D4FC | Related to 3TC with activity against AZT/3TC-resistant virus. Less potent than 3TC against wild type virus. | |
| DPC 817 | Cytidine analog active against wild-type, AZT-, and 3TC-resistant HIV. In phase I dose-finding studies in HIV-infected individuals. |
| Name & Manufacturer | Dosing | Description |
|---|---|---|
|
Emivirine (aka MKC442; Brand: Coactinon) Triangle/Abbott |
Twice daily; no food effect | Structurally an NRTI functioning as NNRTI. 1.4 log HIV RNA reduction at week 8. Currently in phase III. K103N mutation leads to emivirine resistance and cross-resistance to current NNRTIs. Other mutations associated with treatment failure: V108I, Y181C, G190A and E138K. Common side effects: nausea, headache, transient dizziness, rash. Current studies deemed insufficient by the FDA for US market approval |
|
DPC 083
DuPont |
Once daily | 2nd generation derivative of efavirenz. Activity against K103N and K103N/Y181C mutant virus. Long t _ of about 150 hrs. |
|
Capravirine (aka AG1549 or S-1153) Agouron-Pfizer |
Twice daily | 0.7-2.6 log HIV RNA reduction at week 4. Currently in phase II/III. Some nausea and metallic taste. Twice daily dosing. Decreased bioavailability in presence of gastric pH-lowering agents. Activity vs. K103N mutant; limited activity when Y181C or multiple mutations present. Combination of V106A and F227L leads to high level resistance. Development being resumed after delay due to vasculitis observed in dogs. |
| Calanolide A | Naturally-occurring NNRTI from the latex tree. Activity vs. virus with either Y181C, K103N or both mutations. | |
|
TMC 125 (aka R165335) Tibotec |
Promises activity in strains resistant to currently available NNRTIs, including variants with L100I, K103N, Y181C, Y188L or G190A/S mutations. Phase 2A studies presented at ICAAC 2001, demonstrating antiviral activity. |
| Name & Manufacturer | Dosing | Description |
|---|---|---|
|
Tipranavir
(aka PNU 140690)
Boehringer Ingelheim |
Twice daily with ritonavir boosting | Non-peptic dihydropyrone. Activity vs. certain PI-resistant strains. Reformulated and coadministered with ritonavir, and currently in dose-finding studies. GI side-effects. P450 CYP3A4 inducer. |
|
Atazanavir (aka BMS 232632) Bristol-Myers Squibb |
400 mg (1-2 tab) once daily | Azapeptide. Good in vitro potency; activity against virus with resistance to 1 or 2 PI's. Resistance likely in virus with high-level PI resistance. Selects for N88S mutation, which may hypersensitize to other PIs. Currently in phase 3. >50% bioavailability; PK supports QD dosing. Increased absorption with food. Hyperbilirubinemia common, hyperlipidemias rare. |
|
GW-433908 (aka VX-175) Vertex & Glaxo Welcome |
2-3 tab twice daily | Water soluble phosphate prodrug of amprenavir. May lead to dose simplification of amprenavir and decrease in pill burden |
| Mozenavir (aka DMP 450) | Nonpeptomimetic cyclic urea compound, active against D30N and L90M mutant HIV. BID and TID dosing being evaluated (1st IAS conference, 2001) | |
|
TMC 126, TMC 114
Tibotec |
Tight binding to protease enzyme; promising resistance profile. Designed to be physically flexible with high affinity to protease active site. | |
|
DPC 681 & 684
DuPont |
2nd generation PIs with activity against resistant strains including mutants at codons 82, 84, and 90. Clinical data pending. |
| Name & Manufacturer | Dosing | Description |
|---|---|---|
| DCQA/DCTA | Activity in micromolar range; resistance demonstrated | |
|
Zintevir (aka AR 177) Arondex |
Oligonucleotide. Probably acts at cell surface and not as true integrase inhibitor. |
| Name & Manufacturer | Dosing | Description |
|---|---|---|
|
Pentafuside (aka T-20) Trimeris & Roche |
SQ injection twice daily | 36 amino acid peptide derived from the gp41 transmembrane protein ectodomain of HIV; binds to resting p41 and prevents transformation to the fusogenic state; blocks HIV cell entry. Currently in phase III. Activity vs. HIV-1; 1.2 log HIV RNA reduction. Resistance can develop. Local irritation at injection site. |
|
T-1249
Trimeris |
SQ injection once daily | 2nd generation fusion inhibitor based on T-20. 2-100 times more active than T-20. Promises slower development of resistance. Generally active in T-20 resistant HIV. |
| PRO 542 | Parenteral | Blocks interaction of gp120 with CD4 receptor. Synergistic in vitro with other fusion inhibitors. |
| Name & Manufacturer | Description |
|---|---|
|
BCX-34
Biocryst |
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor. |
|
Didox
Molecules for Health |
Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor. |
|
VX-497
Vertex |
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor. Enhances ddI activity by increasing concentration of triphosphate form of ddI. |
|
Mycophenolate Mofetil
(Brand: CellCept) Roche |
Mycophenolic acid, the active form of mycophenolate mofetil, blocks inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), depleting guanosine and causing a relative increase in adenosine, which results in a similar effect on nucleosides as hydroxyurea. |
Chemokine receptor antagonists include CXCR4 and CCR5 inhibitors. CCR5 and CXCR4 are not the only HIV co-receptors: CCR2B, CCR3 and CCR6 also bind HIV. HIV strains may be dual-tropic for CCR5 and CXCR4 and can change their co-receptor tropism over time. A polyvalent approach to inhibition may be necessary. Activity of some compounds is cell type dependent. A CCR5 inhibitor may drive the virus to CXCR4 phenotype which frequently is syncytium-inducing and potentially more pathogenic. CXCR4 deficiency is associated with developmental defects and embryonic death in mice; thus inhibition may have negative consequences in humans. First studies with CXCR4 inhibitors have not demonstrated clinical efficacy. Cardiac conduction abnormalities have been observed with CXCR4 and CCR5 inhibitors in first studies.
| Name & Manufacturer | Description |
|---|---|
|
T-22
Trimeris |
CXCR4 antagonist |
| AOP-Rantes | CCR5 antagonist |
| TAK-779 | CCR5 antagonist (preclinical) |
| NSC 651016 | CCR5 and CXCR4 antagonist in vitro. |
| Name & Manufacturer | Description |
|---|---|
|
HE2000
Hollis Eden |
Attempts restoration of immune balance by shifting the cytokine pattern back to a Th1 state |
| Name & Manufacturer | Description |
|---|---|
|
Stavudine
Bristol-Myers Squibb |
New slow release formulation (Zerit SR ) for once daily dosing in development. |
|
Lamivudine
Glaxo Welcome |
Being evaluated for once daily dosing |
|
Nelfinavir
Agouron |
625 mg tablet for 2 tab twice daily dosing in development |
|
Nevirapine
Boehringer Ingelheim |
Being evaluated for once daily dosing |
|
Efavirenz
DuPont Pharmaceuticals |
New 600 mg tablet for 1 tab once daily dosing and 300mg tablet for 1 tab twice daily dosing in development. |
Legal disclaimer: This guide has been developed solely as an educational resource for healthcare professionals interested in HIV care and research. The information presented here represents the views of the author only and not Medscape, Inc. These materials may discuss uses and dosages for therapeutic products that have not been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. A qualified health care professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed.
Medscape HIV/AIDS. 1998;4(1) © 1998 Medscape
Cite this: Quick Reference Guide to New Antiretrovirals - Medscape - Jan 01, 1998.
