Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
Best and Worst Places to Avoid Burnout
This is the year of the pursuit of happiness. Medscape has long heard from physicians that you're burned out and stressed. So for our 2017 ranking of best and worst places to practice, we're focusing on locations that could help you avoid burnout and create a calmer and happier life. We've considered many factors, such as fewer lawsuits; least punitive medical boards; teamwork with physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs); cultural attractions; golf amenities; and bike, pet, and walk-friendly settings. We are also pointing out places that are more conducive to stress and burnout based on many factors, including high malpractice rates, high divorce rates, high crime rates, and traffic fatalities. For more details on sources used in compiling this list, see slides 34 and 35.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
1. Minneapolis, Minnesota
State Profile: "Minnesota Nice" is the second happiest, the fourth most family-friendly, and the fifth most livable state. Residents have the ninth highest interest in wildlife-related recreation. The state has been named the seventh safest, with the best drivers in the nation, according to auto insurance statistics.
Relief for Doctors: Residents here are the fourth healthiest population. The state has the second highest rate of employer-sponsored health insurance in the nation, the 17th lowest number of malpractice lawsuits, and its medical board is the third least harsh in the nation. The state is the third highest in practices' teamwork with PAs or NPs.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
2. Madison, Wisconsin
State Profile: Wisconsin invented the waterpark. It also has the sixth highest interest in wildlife-related recreation and is the 12th best state for golf. The state is the 15th happiest and the 18th most livable, with the eighth lowest divorce rate.
Relief for Doctors: The state has the 14th lowest number of malpractice lawsuits, the sixth highest physician income, and the second highest rate of employed physicians.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
3. Sioux Falls, South Dakota
State Profile: South Dakota has the feel of a small town, with fewer than 1 million people in the entire state. It ranks as the third best state for well-being and the ninth happiest state.
Relief for Doctors: Factors that could lower physician stress include the fourth least harsh medical board and the fourth lowest number of malpractice lawsuits. The state is ranked seventh highest in hospital patient satisfaction and highest in practices' teamwork with PAs or NPs. Physicians here have the third highest income and the third highest rate of employed status.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
4. Des Moines, Iowa
State Profile: Lacking the hustle and bustle of both coasts may be the reason for Iowa's high ranking. Stress levels are lower than in most states. Iowa is ranked the seventh happiest state and the fifth most family-friendly state. It has the lowest divorce rate, is ranked the fourth best place with fewer fatalities and accidents among car drivers in the country, and is ranked the 24th best state for golf.
Relief for Doctors: Iowa doctors enjoy the eighth highest physician income, but there is a relatively high number of malpractice lawsuits and a fairly harsh medical board. Iowa has the sixth highest rate of insurance coverage, so it may be easier to receive payment for services. Iowa has the 10th highest ranking in hospital patient satisfaction.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
5. Burlington, Vermont
State Profile: Vermont offers a calming rural life. It has been rated the eighth most livable state, the sixth best state for well-being, the third most family-friendly state, and the second best when it comes to drivers with the fewest accidents or fatalities in the nation. It is ranked the safest state in the nation, with the lowest violent crime rate. On the downside, it does have a high cost of living.
Relief for Doctors: Vermont has been rated the second healthiest state, and it has the second highest rate of health insurance coverage. It has the highest hospital patient satisfaction in the nation and the second highest proportion of primary care physicians—making it less likely that there will be more patients than doctors can care for.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
6. Manchester, New Hampshire
State Profile: New Hampshire has been ranked as the third most livable and 11th happiest state. It is rated the most family-friendly and the third safest in the country, with the fourth lowest violent crime rate.
Relief for Doctors: Residents here are the fifth healthiest population, and hospital patients are the third most satisfied in the nation. The state has the highest rate of employer-sponsored health insurance and fourth highest rate of health insurance coverage in the nation. New Hampshire has the fifth lowest rate of malpractice lawsuits and the fifth highest physician income.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
7. Boston, Massachusetts
State Profile: Massachusetts has the 14th highest rating for well-being. It is the eighth most family-friendly state and has the fourth lowest divorce rate. It is the second safest with the sixth lowest rate of car accidents and fatalities. However, it has the fourth highest cost of living. Massachusetts is ranked high for golf.
Relief for Doctors: It has the third healthiest population, perhaps because the state has the highest rate of insurance coverage in the nation. Massachusetts physicians also have the 11th lowest number of malpractice lawsuits. The state has the fourth highest ratio of primary care physicians to population.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
8. Fargo, North Dakota
State Profile: Though North Dakota's oil boom has subsided, the state has been rated the third happiest and the sixth most family-friendly. It has the 10th lowest violent crime rate and has been rated the 19th safest state, but it is reported to have the fourth worst drivers' record for accidents and fatalities.
Relief for Doctors: Physicians have the highest income and the highest level of employed status in the nation. The state has the 12th healthiest population and enjoys the third highest rate of employer-sponsored health insurance in the country.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
9. Portland, Maine
State Profile: Maine is the most rural state in the nation, with about 62% of its residents living in rural areas. Residents rank fourth highest in the nation for well-being and the 10th best drivers when rated according to car accidents and fatalities. The state has the second lowest violent crime rate in the nation.
Relief for Doctors: Residents of this state are rated the 15th healthiest population in the nation, and they have the fifth highest rate of health insurance coverage. Maine has the second highest hospital patient satisfaction in the nation, and doctors are less likely to get overwhelmed with patients because the state has the fourth highest proportion of primary care physicians to population. Physicians also have the 16th least harsh medical board but the eighth highest number of malpractice lawsuits per capita.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
10. Overland Park, Kansas
State Profile: Kansas, with its wide expanse of prairie, is an ideal state for bird watching. It ranks in the middle on a lot of measures, such as the 24th happiest and the 22nd most livable state, but it has the 10th lowest divorce rate, the eighth lowest cost of living, and the 11th best drivers when rated according to accidents and fatalities.
Relief for Doctors: The state has the 14th least harsh medical board and the 22nd lowest number of malpractice lawsuits. Otherwise, it does not stand out in other doctor-related indices that were reviewed.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
11. Grand Rapids, Michigan
State Profile: Michigan has widely contrasting livability scores. It is ranked the eighth state for unhappy inhabitants and the 18th least livable state. On the other hand, it has also been ranked the 25th safest state, with the seventh best drivers in regard to accidents and fatalities, and it is rated the sixth best state for golf. It has the third lowest cost of living.
Relief for Doctors: The state's medical board has been rated the 12th least harsh, but it has the 19th highest rate of malpractice lawsuits.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
12. Honolulu, Hawaii
State Profile: Hawaii is a place where people come to renew their energy. It's been ranked as the nation's highest state for well-being, the fourth happiest state, and the ninth most livable state in the nation. However, it has the highest cost of living in the United States and is a 5-hour flight from the mainland. Hawaii has no first-rank professional sports teams and limited live entertainment, but it is ranked the 13th best state for golf.
Relief for Doctors: Residents of Hawaii are rated the healthiest population in the nation, and they have the seventh highest rate of health insurance coverage, but the state has the fourth lowest hospital patient satisfaction. Physician income ranks low in the nation, but they may be less likely to feel overwhelmed because the state has the highest ratio of primary care physicians to population. The medical board has been ranked the 17th least harsh.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
13. Salt Lake City, Utah
State Profile: Utah's dominant Mormon faith champions clean living. Utah has the ninth lowest violent crime rate and has been rated the happiest in the nation, as well as the second most family-friendly and the 11th most livable state. There are plenty of recreational opportunities in the mountains outside Salt Lake City and the national parks in southern Utah.
Relief for Doctors: Utah physicians face the ninth lowest number of malpractice lawsuits, and the residents of this state are the seventh healthiest population in the country. But Utah has the 10th lowest ratio of primary care physicians to population. The state also has the ninth highest percentage of independent physicians and the seventh highest physician income.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
14. Seattle, Washington
State Profile: The state embraces clean living. Washington residents curse less often than any other state, according to a 2013 survey. It is ranked the 12th most livable, the 12th happiest, and the 18th least stressed state. It has plenty of outdoor attractions.
Relief for Doctors: Residents of Washington here are the ninth healthiest population in the country, and the state has the fifth highest number of office-based primary care physicians. The medical board has been rated the seventh least harsh in the nation, but doctors face the 11th highest number of malpractice lawsuits.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
15. Stamford, Connecticut
State Profile: Connecticut is fiscally conservative in wealthy areas near the suburbs of New York City. It ranks as the second most livable state, the seventh safest state, and has the sixth lowest violent crime rate, but it ranks 16th lowest in well-being. It is rated the 22nd best state for golf, but it has the sixth highest cost of living.
Relief for Doctors: Connecticut residents are the sixth healthiest population in the country. Physicians face the 13th lowest number of malpractice lawsuits, and the medical board has been rated as the ninth least harsh in the nation. The state is in the middle of the pack in terms of physician income, insurance coverage, number of office-based primary care physicians, and patients with employer-based insurance.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
16. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
State Profile: Pennsylvania, a state loaded with city parks and farmers' markets, is often rated in the middle on well-being issues: 23rd least stressed, 30th highest level of well-being, and 34th happiest state. It has been ranked the 14th safest state, with the fifth lowest divorce rate, and the 11th best state for golf.
Relief for Doctors: Patients have relatively good access to quality healthcare because the state has the eighth highest level of employer-sponsored insurance and the ninth highest rate of health insurance coverage. The state also has a relatively good physician supply, with the eighth highest ratio of primary care physicians to population.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
17. Chicago, Illinois
State Profile: Illinois, dominated by Chicago and its suburbs, has been ranked the 25th happiest state but the 14th lowest state for well-being. It has the second lowest divorce rate and is ranked the eighth best state for golf. It is also rated the 20th most livable state and the 17th safest state.
Relief for Doctors: The state has the third highest percentage of independent physicians and has the seventh lowest number of malpractice lawsuits. It ranks in the middle of the pack in other measurements for physicians.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
18. Boise, Idaho
State Profile: In Idaho, a popular bumper sticker reads, "Welcome to Idaho—Now Go Home!" Residents like to keep their state's charms a secret. It has been rated the sixth happiest state and the 24th safest state, with the fifth lowest violent crime rate, and has the 12th best drivers in the country when it comes to fatalities and accidents. Still, it has a high divorce rate.
Relief for Doctors: The state has the seventh highest percentage of independent physicians and the sixth lowest number of malpractice lawsuits. However, the state has the 10th lowest rate of health insurance coverage, meaning that many patients may have numerous untreated health conditions.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
19. Omaha, Nebraska
State Profile: It is said that residents of Nebraska are known for starting conversations with strangers. The state has been rated the eighth happiest and has the 15th lowest rate of violent crime. It is ranked the 20th best state for golf and has the 13th lowest cost of living.
Relief for Doctors: Nebraska boasts the fourth highest physician income, though it has the 15th highest rate of malpractice lawsuits in the nation. It has the 10th healthiest population and the ninth highest rate of hospital patient satisfaction in the country. It has the 10th highest ratio of primary care physicians to population in the country, meaning that physicians may have a more manageable patient volume than in most other states.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
20. Providence, Rhode Island
State Profile: Rhode Island, the smallest state in the area, wraps around the majestic Narragansett Bay, where you can sail, swim, or take in the sun. The state is ranked the 19th most livable, the 27th happiest, and the fourth safest state, and its drivers are the best in the country in terms of accidents and fatalities. But it has the ninth highest cost of living.
Relief for Doctors: The state has the third highest rate of insurance coverage, the third highest rate of employer-sponsored health insurance, and the 14th healthiest population. It has the fourth highest ratio of primary care physicians to population, and its medical board has been rated as the 13th least harsh. However, Rhode Island physicians have the second lowest income.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
21. Princeton, New Jersey
State Profile: New Jersey has myriads of quaint, small towns scattered across the state. It is the fourth most livable state, but it has the 10th highest cost of living. It is one of only two states where attendants still fill your gas tank, and it has the eighth best drivers in terms of accidents and fatalities in the country.
Relief for Doctors: Doctors here face the seventh highest number of malpractice lawsuits per capita, but the medical board has been ranked the 11th least harsh. If you prefer being your own boss, the state has the third highest percentage of independent physicians in the country.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
22. Columbia, Maryland
State Profile: Maryland residents tend to identify themselves by area, such as Baltimore, the Eastern Shore, or the DC suburbs. The eastern part of the state wraps around the gorgeous Chesapeake Bay, where Maryland's blue crabs are farmed. The state has been ranked the fourth highest in well-being and the seventh most livable, with the third lowest divorce rate and the 15th best drivers when ranked according to accidents and fatalities. Still, the state has the seventh highest cost of living.
Relief for Doctors: The state has been rated as having the eighth least harsh medical board and the sixth highest proportion of primary care physicians to population. But it has the seventh lowest hospital patient satisfaction, and physicians have the lowest average income of any state.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
23. Virginia Beach, Virginia
State Profile: Virginia is home to the Pentagon and more than 20 military bases, including the Marine Corps Officer Candidate School at Quantico and Naval Station Norfolk, the world's largest naval station. It has been rated the eighth safest state, with the third lowest rate of violent crimes. It is ranked the 10th most livable and the 10th most family-friendly state.
Relief for Doctors: The state has been ranked as having the 10th least harsh medical board, but it has the sixth lowest physician income. On other rankings, it is in the middle of the pack.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
24. Colorado Springs, Colorado
State Profile: Colorado's beautiful Rocky Mountains offer many diversions from work, including skiing, hiking, climbing, rafting, or just looking at the scenery. The state has been ranked the fifth highest in well-being, the fifth happiest, and the sixth most livable state. There are some negatives: It has the 10th highest divorce rate and the 11th worst drivers' rating for accidents and fatalities. Marijuana shops became legal here in 2014, but public consumption is still illegal.
Relief for Doctors: The state is ranked 15th highest in practices' teamwork with PAs or NPs, but it has been ranked eighth highest in medical board actions.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
25. Cheyenne, Wyoming
State Profile: Wyoming, the least populated state, still looks like the Old West. People ride horseback through town, and many residents dress like cowboys. It's said that if you leave your key in the ignition, chances are your car will still be there in the morning. It has been rated the seventh most family-friendly and the 13th happiest state, with the eighth lowest violent crime rate. But it also has the sixth highest divorce rate and the 13th worst drivers when measuring fatalities and accidents.
Relief for Doctors: Wyoming has been rated as having the third most harsh medical board, the fourth highest number of malpractice lawsuits per capita, and the 10th lowest physician income.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
1. New Orleans, Louisiana
State Profile: Louisiana hosts more than 400 festivals each year, including Mardi Gras, but it has been ranked as the sixth least happy state, the eighth lowest in well-being, and the third lowest in family-friendliness. It is also rated the sixth least safe state, with the fifth highest violent crime rate. It is also ranked as having the worst drivers involved in accidents and fatalities in the country.
Problems for Doctors: The state has had the highest number of malpractice lawsuits per capita. It is the least healthy population in the nation, and it has the eighth lowest rate of employer-sponsored health insurance. Louisiana physicians have the ninth lowest average income. On a more positive note, more than half of physicians are in independent practice, the highest rate in the country, and hospital patients are the fifth most satisfied in the nation.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
2. Phoenix, Arizona
State Profile: Arizona is an increasingly popular state in which to live, but it is the fifth least family-friendly state and the 21st least happy state. The state has the eighth worst drivers' rating for accidents and fatalities. But it is home to the Grand Canyon and other outdoor attractions, and it is rated the second best state for golf.
Problems for Doctors: Patients have the fourth lowest rate of health insurance coverage and fourth lowest rate of employer-sponsored health insurance, and the state has the fourth lowest hospital patient satisfaction rate. Physicians face the 18th highest number of malpractice lawsuits per capita.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
3. Las Vegas, Nevada
State Profile: Nevada is another increasingly popular state in which to reside, but it is ranked the 12th least livable and the 16th least happy state. It has the second-highest violent crime rate. It also has the second highest divorce rate, is the seventh least family-friendly state, and has the seventh worst drivers' record of accidents and fatalities. It is ranked the 25th best state for golf.
Problems for Doctors: The state has the third highest rate of uninsured patients and the 13th unhealthiest population in the country. But it has the 18th lowest rate of malpractice lawsuits, and its medical board has the fifth fewest medical board actions in the country.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
4. Albuquerque, New Mexico
State Profile: New Mexico is a beautiful state with warm weather and plenty of diversity, but it has been rated the eighth least livable, the 11th least happy, and the second least family-friendly state. Violence is a big problem. It is ranked as the third least safe state, with the third highest violent crime rate. On the plus side, it ranks as the 20th best state for well-being.
Problems for Doctors: The state has the eighth lowest rate of insurance coverage, the lowest rate of employer-sponsored insurance, the 14th unhealthiest population in the country, and the fourth lowest hospital patient satisfaction rate. New Mexico has the lowest ratio of primary care physicians to population.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
5. Tulsa, Oklahoma
State Profile: Oklahoma is known for friendly people and some of the best barbecue in the country, but it has been ranked the eighth least happy state, the third lowest for well-being, and has the third highest divorce rate. It is rated the second least safe with the 14th highest rate of violent crime in the country. On the plus side, it has the fifth lowest cost of living.
Problems for Doctors: Physicians face the second highest rate of malpractice lawsuits, and Oklahoma has the fifth harshest medical board. It has the sixth most unhealthy population, the seventh lowest rate of insurance coverage, and the 10th lowest rate of employer-sponsored health insurance.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
Medscape's 2017 lifestyle survey asked about burnout among US physicians. Burnout rates for all physician respondents have been trending up since 2013, the first year that Medscape asked about it, when the overall rate was 40%. This year it is 51%, over a 25% increase in just 4 years.
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
Best and Worst Places to Practice 2017
Source Material
Wolf SM, Lurie P, Resnevic K, Stark S. Ranking of the rate of state medical boards' serious disciplinary actions, 2004-2006. Public Citizen's Health Research Group. June 6, 2007. http://www.citizen.org/documents/HRG1813.pdf Accessed April 17, 2017.
Kolmar C. This interactive map shows which states sue doctors the most. Zippia. 2015. https://research.zippia.com/states-that-sue.html Accessed April 17, 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State variability in supply of office-based primary care providers: United States, 2012. National Center for Healthcare Statistics Data Brief No. 151. May 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db151.htm Accessed April 17, 2017.
Grisham S. Medscape physician compensation report 2017. Medscape. April 5, 2017. http://www.medscape.com/slideshow/compensation-2017-overview-6008547 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Kaiser Family Foundation. Employer-sponsored coverage rates for the nonelderly by age. 2015. http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/rate-by-age-2/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D Accessed April 17, 2017.
Kaiser Family Foundation. Health insurance coverage of the total population. 2015. http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/total-population/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D Accessed April 17, 2017.
Healthways. Gallup and Healthways release 2016 state well-being rankings. February 1, 2017. http://www.well-beingindex.com/2017-state-rankings Accessed April 17, 2017.
FBI. 2015 crime in the United States. Table 5. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/table-5 Accessed April 17, 2017.
US Fish & Wildlife Service. 2011 national survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation. Revised February 2014. https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/fhw11-nat.pdf Accessed April 17, 2017.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Divorce rates by state: 1990, 1995, and 1999-2015. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/state_divorce_rates_90_95_99-15.pdf Accessed April 17, 2017.
Annie E. Casey Foundation. State trends in child well-being. 2016. http://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-the2016kidscountdatabook-2016.pdf Accessed April 17, 2017.
Missouri Economic Research and Information Center. Cost of living data series: 2016 annual average. https://www.missourieconomy.org/indicators/cost_of_living/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Other Rankings
The information in the following suggested reading list was mentioned in the text but was not used to rank the states. The sources comprise 13 categories.
Employed physicians
Singleton T, Miller P. The physician employment trend: what you need to know. Fam Pract Manag. 2015;22:11-15. http://www.aafp.org/fpm/2015/0700/p11.html Accessed April 17, 2017.
Patients' health
United Health Foundation. America's health rankings. 2015. http://assets.americashealthrankings.org/app/uploads/2015ahr_annual-v1.pdf Accessed April 17, 2017.
Bernardo R. 2017's fattest cities in America. WalletHub. March 22, 2017. https://wallethub.com/edu/fattest-cities-in-america/10532/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Patient satisfaction
CareChex. 2010 CareChex patient satisfaction study by U.S. geographic area. Quality Digest. December 22, 2010. http://www.carechex.com/media/2010%20CareChex%20Satisfaction%20Study.pdfAccessed April 17, 2017.
Vanguard Communications. New happy patient index ranks best & worst U.S. cities by physician reviews. June 2, 2014. https://vanguardcommunications.net/best-worst-cities-patient-satisfaction/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
CareChex. Three studies rank quality of U.S. hospital care and patient satisfaction. Quality Digest. September 22, 2010. http://www.comparionanalytics.com/assets/PDF/News/Quality-Digest-QAS-Study.pdf Accessed April 17, 2017.
Stress and well-being by state
Frohlich TC, Sauter MB. America's most livable states. 24/7 Wall Street. November 24, 2015. http://www.msn.com/en-us/money/realestate/americas-most-livable-states/ar-BBnoIcY Accessed April 17, 2017.
Healthways. State of American well-being: 2016 state well-being rankings. Gallup-Healthways. January 2017. http://info.healthways.com/hubfs/Gallup-Healthways State of American Well-Being_2016 State Rankings vFINAL.pdf Accessed April 17, 2017.
Bernardo R. 2017's most & least stressed states. WalletHub. April 3, 2017. https://wallethub.com/edu/most-stressful-states/32218/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Bernardo R. 2016's happiest states in America. WalletHub. September 12, 2016. https://wallethub.com/edu/happiest-states/6959/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Stress and well-being by city
Richards W. 15 most stressed cities in America. The Street. August 16, 2016. https://www.thestreet.com/slideshow/13675238/1/15-most-stressed-cities-in-america.html Accessed April 17, 2017.
Richards W. 15 least stressed cities in America. The Street. February 18, 2017. https://www.thestreet.com/slideshow/13675261/1/15-least-stressed-cities-in-america.html Accessed April 17, 2017.
Social Science Research Council. The measure of America 2013-2014. June 19, 2013. http://www.measureofamerica.org/measure_of_america2013-2014/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Mahoney S, Coenen S. 25 happiest, healthiest cities in America. Prevention. August 14, 2013. http://www.prevention.com/mind-body/emotional-health/25-happiest-healthiest-cities-in-america Accessed April 17, 2017.
Butler S. The nation's happiest cities. Green Living AZ. January 6, 2014. https://greenlivingaz.com/the-nations-happiest-cities/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Bernardo R. 2016's most & least stressed cities in America. WalletHub. July 19, 2016. https://wallethub.com/edu/most-least-stressed-cities/22759/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Healthways. Naples, Florida, remains top US metro for well-being. Gallup-Healthways. March 6, 2017. http://www.well-beingindex.com/naples-florida-remains-top-us-metro-for-well-being Accessed April 17, 2017.
Gallup. U.S. community well-being tracking. 2013. http://www.gallup.com/poll/145913/city-wellbeing-tracking.aspx Accessed April 17, 2017.
ShareCare. America's top 10 cities where people stress less. https://www.sharecare.com/health/stress-reduction/slideshow/top-10-cities-with-least-stress-in-america-realage#slide-1 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Frizell S. These are the 10 unhappiest cities in America. Time Magazine. July 23, 2014. http://time.com/3023503/unhappiest-cities/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Families
Bernardo R. 2017's best & worst states to raise a family. WalletHub. January 18, 2017. https://wallethub.com/edu/best-states-to-raise-a-family/31065/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Kiernan J. 2016's best & worst cities for families. WalletHub. September 7, 2016. https://wallethub.com/edu/best-cities-for-families/4435/#main-findings Accessed April 17, 2017.
Forbes. Best cities for raising a family. 2016. https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eddf45gihi/no-1-grand-rapids-michigan/#7862379d33cd Accessed April 17, 2017.
Safety, violence, and suicide
Bernardo R. 2016's safest states in America. WalletHub. June 7, 2016. https://wallethub.com/edu/safest-states-to-live-in/4566/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Somers D. The 10 safest states in America. U.S. News & World Report. March 23, 2017. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/slideshows/the-10-safest-states-in-america?int=news-rec Accessed April 17, 2017.
Kent A, Frohlich TC. The most dangerous states in America. 24/7 Wall St. USA Today. January 3, 2015. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/01/03/24-7-wall-st-most-dangerous-states/21214169/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Sperling's Best Places. Most secure large cities in the U.S. 'Farmer's Insurance and Sperling's BestPlaces Rank. http://www.bestplaces.net/docs/studies/most_secure_large_cities_in_the_us.aspx Accessed April 17, 2017.
Friedman M, Grawert A, Cullen J. Crime in 2016: updated analysis. Brennan Center for Justice. December 20, 2016. https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/crime-2016-updated-analysis Accessed April 17, 2017.
CBS News. Suicide: 20 states with highest rates. 2017. http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/suicide-20-states-with-highest-rates/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Traffic and transportation
Chu J. Best cities for car drivers. Nerdwallet. May 4, 2015. https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/loans/auto-loans/best-cities-for-car-drivers-2015/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Bernardo R. 2016's best & worst cities for driving. WalletHub. July 12, 2016. https://wallethub.com/edu/best-worst-cities-to-drive-in/13964/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Car Insurance Comparison. Worst drivers by state. 2016. http://www.carinsurancecomparison.com/which-states-have-the-worst-drivers/#Table2016 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Dille I. The 50 best bike cities of 2016. Bicycling. September 19, 2016. http://www.bicycling.com/culture/news/the-50-best-bike-cities-of-2016 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Wikipedia. List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_rapid_transit_systems_by_ridership Accessed April 17, 2017.
Culture and entertainment
Bernardo R. 2016's best & worst cities for recreation. WalletHub. July 5, 2016. https://wallethub.com/edu/best-worst-cities-for-recreation/5144/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Brown Hunt K. These are America's 20 most cultured cities 2015. Travel + Leisure. http://www.travelandleisure.com/slideshows/americas-most-cultured-cities Accessed April 17, 2017.
Selke LA. Top theater cities in the US. USA Today. 2015. http://traveltips.usatoday.com/top-theatre-cities-109755.html Accessed April 17, 2017.
Brown Hunt K. From the honkytonk capital to jazz's birthplace: America's best music scenes 2015. Travel + Leisure. http://www.travelandleisure.com/slideshows/americas-best-cities-for-music-scenes Accessed April 17, 2017.
Moore D. 10 U.S. metro areas with the highest density of restaurants. Yahoo Finance. September 22, 2015. http://finance.yahoo.com/news/10-u-s--cities-with-the-highest-density-of-restaurants-175818576.html Accessed April 17, 2017.
Musser A. The nation's most-walkable cities got even more walkable in 2016. Redfin. April 28, 2016. https://www.redfin.com/blog/2016/04/the-most-walkable-us-cities-of-2016.html Accessed April 17, 2017.
Lewis M. The 35 most walkable cities in America. Money Talks News. January 13, 2017. http://www.moneytalksnews.com/slideshows/the-35-most-walkable-cities-america/?all=1 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Wells J. 15 of America's most incredible farmers markets. Mental Floss. http://mentalfloss.com/article/78618/15-americas-most-incredible-farmers-marketsAccessed April 17, 2017.
Outdoors and sports
Zhang D. Cities offering the most public parkland per household. Builder. October 8, 2015. http://www.builderonline.com/land/cities-offering-the-most-public-parkland-per-household_o?o=2 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Passov J. The United States of golf: All 50 states ranked by their golfiness. Golf. June 29, 2015. http://www.golf.com/golf-gold/united-states-golf-every-state-union-ranked-its-golfiness Accessed April 17, 2017.
Livability. 10 best soccer cities. Livability Sports. http://livability.com/top-10/sports/10-best-soccer-cities/2012 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Political and social
Forbes. The most and least conservative cities in America. 2016. https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fljj45efgm/the-most-and-least-conse/#712289984dbc Accessed April 17, 2017.
Nickum R. 13 best U.S. cities for conservatives to live. Estately Blog. November 4, 2016. http://www.estately.com/blog/2013/11/13-best-u-s-cities-for-conservatives-to-live/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Summer J. The 10 most liberal, forward-thinking college towns in America. ZoomTens. 2015. https://zoomtens.com/the-10-most-liberal-forward-thinking-college-towns-in-america/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Nickum R. 17 best U.S. cities for hippies. Estately Blog. July 31, 2016. http://www.estately.com/blog/2013/07/17-best-u-s-cities-for-hippies/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Best cities
Brown Hunt K. These are the friendliest cities in America 2016. Travel + Leisure. http://www.travelandleisure.com/slideshows/americas-friendliest-cities#intro Accessed April 17, 2017.
Forbes. America's coolest cities. 2014. https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mhj45jded/introduction-25/#6baf17533410 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Livability.2016 top 100 best places to live. http://livability.com/best-places/top-100-best-places-to-live/2016 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Sperling's Best Places. The best cities to relocate to in America. 2010. http://www.bestplaces.net/docs/studies/americas_top_relocate_cities.aspx Accessed April 17, 2017.
Best College Reviews. The 50 best college towns in America. http://www.bestcollegereviews.org/50-best-college-towns-america/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Ramsey L. Ranked: the 10 cities where you'll get the best medical care. Business Insider. July 26, 2016. http://www.businessinsider.com/the-best-cities-to-get-healthcare-2016-7 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Bernardo R. 2016's best-run cities in America. WalletHub. July 26, 2016. https://wallethub.com/edu/best-run-cities/22869/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Kiplinger. Top 10 tax-friendly cities. http://www.kiplinger.com/slideshow/real-estate/T054-S001-top-10-tax-friendly-cities/index.html Accessed April 17, 2017.
Miscellaneous
Niche. 2017 best school districts in America. https://www.niche.com/k12/rankings/public-school-districts/best-overall/ Accessed April 17, 2017.
Vigneri S. Top 10 best cities for education in America. Parenting. 2012. http://www.parenting.com/gallery/best-cities-education-in-america-2012 Accessed April 17, 2017.
Clark M. Top 10 dog-friendliest cities in America. Dogtime. http://dogtime.com/dog-health/general/4360-dog-friendliest-cities-list Accessed April 17, 2017.
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