Potential treatment complications include the following :
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Cauterization - Synechia, septal perforation
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Anterior packing - Synechia, rhinosinusitis, toxic shock syndrome, eustachian tube dysfunction, scarring of the nasal ala and columella
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Posterior packing - Synechia, rhinosinusitis, toxic shock syndrome, eustachian tube dysfunction, dysphagia, scarring of nasal ala and columella, hypoventilation, sudden death
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Transantral internal maxillary artery ligation - Anesthetic risks, rhinosinusitis, oroantral fistula, infraorbital numbness, dental injury
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Transoral internal maxillary artery ligation - Anesthetic risks, cheek numbness, trismus, tongue paresthesia
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Anterior or posterior ethmoidal artery ligation - Anesthetic risks, rhinosinusitis, lacrimal duct injury, telecanthus, blindness
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Embolization - Facial pain, trismus, facial paralysis, skin necrosis, blindness, stroke, groin hematoma
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Posterior epistaxis from the left sphenopalatine artery.
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Resolved posterior epistaxis after endoscopic cauterization of the left sphenopalatine artery.
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Nasal speculum.
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Vaseline gauze packing.
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Expandable (Merocel) packing (dry).
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Nasal vascular anatomy