What is included in long-term monitoring following treatment for prostatitis?

Answer

After initial improvement with parental antibiotics, acute bacterial prostatitis may be managed with outpatient care with a 2- to 4-week course of oral antibiotics and urologic follow-up. Management strategies for category II prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, include intraprostatic antibiotic injection, alpha-blocker therapy, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), and long-term antimicrobial suppression.

Additional therapeutic modalities studied for category III prostatitis include anti-inflammatories, phytotherapy, biofeedback, thermal therapy, and pelvic floor exercises.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels may be elevated with both prostatitis and prostate cancer. However, PSA levels typically fall after resolution of prostatitis but do not fall with prostate cancer. Patients found to have elevated PSA levels should have follow-up by their primary care physicians, urologists, or both.

PSA levels may increase with acute prostatitis; with appropriate antibiotic treatment, levels usually return to normal within 1-3 months.^[32]In some studies, a longer course of antibiotics has been shown to result in a decrease in PSA values in patients with category IV prostatitis.

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Media Gallery

Bacterial prostatitis. Expressed prostatic fluid contains more than 10 white blood cells per high-power field, indicating prostatitis.
A nonspecific mixed inflammatory infiltrate that consists of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes is typical in chronic bacterial prostatitis.
Urine culture with greater than 100,000 colony-forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli, the most common pathogen in acute and chronic prostatitis. Chronic bacterial prostatitis must be confirmed and diagnosed using a urine culture.

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Author

Paul J Turek, MD Director, The Turek Clinic; Former Professor-in-Residence, Academy of Medical Educators Endowed Chair, Department of Urology, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

Paul J Turek, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Urologists, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Society of Andrology, American Urological Association, Society for Male Reproduction and Urology, Society for the Study of Male Reproduction, Western Section of the American Urological Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: BioQuiddity, Inc; Contraline, Inc; Future Family, Inc; DxNow, Inc; Mandalmed, Inc; Cellarity, Inc. <br/>Have a 5% or greater equity interest in: AlphaSperm, Inc. .

Coauthor(s)

Tarlan Hedayati, MD Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Rush Medical College, John H Stroger Hospital of Cook County

Tarlan Hedayati, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christine R Stehman, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Eddy S Lang, MDCM, CCFP(EM), CSPQ Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine; Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Canada

Eddy S Lang, MDCM, CCFP(EM), CSPQ is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jeter (Jay) Pritchard Taylor, III, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Clinical Instructor, Compliance Officer, Department of Emergency Medicine, Palmetto Richland Hospital

Jeter (Jay) Pritchard Taylor, III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Columbia Medical Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, South Carolina College of Emergency Physicians, South Carolina Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Employed contractor - Chief Editor for Medscape.

Additional Contributors

David S Howes, MD Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, Residency Program Director Emeritus, Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago, University of Chicago, The Pritzker School of Medicine

David S Howes, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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