[Guideline] Wolf AM, Wender RC, Etzioni RB, Thompson IM, D'Amico AV, Volk RJ, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010 Mar-Apr. 60 (2):70-98. [Medline].
[Guideline] Carter HB, Albertsen PC, Barry MJ, et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA Guideline. J Urol. 2013 Aug. 190(2):419-26. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Prostate Cancer Early Detection. NCCN. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate_detection.pdf. Version 1.2019 — January 31, 2019; Accessed: May 10, 2019.
[Guideline] US Preventive Services Task Force. Prostate cancer: Screening. Available at https://screeningforprostatecancer.org/read-the-materials/. 2018; Accessed: May 10, 2019.
[Guideline] Parker C, Gillessen S, Heidenreich A, Horwich A, ESMO Guidelines Committee. Cancer of the prostate: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Ann Oncol. 2015 Sep. 26 Suppl 5:v69-v77. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Prostate Cancer Stages. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html. December 18, 2017; Accessed: May 10, 2019.
Cancer Facts & Figures 2019. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2019/cancer-facts-and-figures-2019.pdf. Accessed: May 10, 2019.
Daniels NA, Nielson CM, Hoffman AR, Bauer DC. Sex hormones and the risk of incident prostate cancer. Urology. 2010 Nov. 76(5):1034-40. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Hoffman RM, Gilliland FD, Eley JW, Harlan LC, Stephenson RA, Stanford JL, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in advanced-stage prostate cancer: the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Mar 7. 93(5):388-95. [Medline].
Lindquist KJ, Paris PL, Hoffmann TJ, Cardin NJ, Kazma R, Mefford JA, et al. Mutational landscape of aggressive prostate tumors in African American men. Cancer Res. 2016 Feb 26. [Medline].
Hall IJ, Taylor YJ, Ross LE, et al. Discussions about prostate cancer screening between U.S. primary care physicians and their patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2011 Oct. 26(10):1098-104. [Medline].
Holmberg L, Bill-Axelson A, Helgesen F, et al. A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 12. 347(11):781-9. [Medline].
Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL 3rd, Buys SS, Chia D, el at. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26. 360(13):1310-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TL, Ciatto S, Nelen V, et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26. 360(13):1320-8. [Medline].
Sandblom G, Varenhorst E, Rosell J, Löfman O, Carlsson P. Randomised prostate cancer screening trial: 20 year follow-up. BMJ. 2011 Mar 31. 342:d1539. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Tang P, Sun L, Uhlman MA, Robertson CN, Polascik TJ, Albala DM. Prostate-specific antigen-based risk-adapted discontinuation of prostate cancer screening in elderly African American and Caucasian American men. Urology. 2010 Nov. 76(5):1058-62. [Medline].
[Guideline] European Association of Urology. Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Uroweb. Available at http://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/. 2018; Accessed: May 10, 2019.
Lowry F. Test Spares Men Unnecessary Biopsies for Prostate Cancer. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/828845. July 24, 2014; Accessed: March 1, 2016.
Bul M, van den Bergh RC, Rannikko A, Valdagni R, Pickles T, Bangma CH, et al. Predictors of unfavourable repeat biopsy results in men participating in a prospective active surveillance program. Eur Urol. 2012 Feb. 61(2):370-7. [Medline].
Kirmiz S, Qi J, Babitz SK, Linsell S, Denton B, Singh K, et al. Grade Groups Provides Improved Predictions of Pathologic and Early Oncologic Outcomes Compared with Gleason Score Risk Groups. J Urol. 2018 Sep 6. [Medline].
Bostwick DG, Qian J. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Mod Pathol. 2004 Mar. 17(3):360-79. [Medline].
Lee MC, Moussa AS, Yu C, Kattan MW, Magi-Galluzzi C, Jones JS. Multifocal high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for subsequent prostate cancer. J Urol. 2010 Nov. 184(5):1958-62. [Medline].
[Guideline] NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Prostate Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf. Version 2.2019 — April 17, 2019; Accessed: May 10, 2019.
Jung SI, Donati OF, Vargas HA, Goldman D, Hricak H, Akin O. Transition Zone Prostate Cancer: Incremental Value of Diffusion-weighted Endorectal MR Imaging in Tumor Detection and Assessment of Aggressiveness. Radiology. 2013 Nov. 269(2):493-503. [Medline].
Choi WW, Williams SB, Gu X, Lipsitz SR, Nguyen PL, Hu JC. Overuse of imaging for staging low risk prostate cancer. J Urol. 2011 May. 185(5):1645-9. [Medline].
Nanni C, Zanoni L, Pultrone C, Schiavina R, Brunocilla E, Lodi F, et al. 18F-FACBC (anti1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid) versus 11C-choline PET/CT in prostate cancer relapse: results of a prospective trial. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016 Mar 10. [Medline].
Odewole OA, Tade FI, Nieh PT, Savir-Baruch B, Jani AB, Master VA, et al. Recurrent prostate cancer detection with anti-3-[18F]FACBC PET/CT: comparison with CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016 Apr 18. [Medline].
Rastinehad AR, Turkbey B, Salami SS, Yaskiv O, George AK, Fakhoury M, et al. Improving detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion guided prostate biopsy. J Urol. 2014 Jun. 191 (6):1749-54. [Medline].
Siddiqui MM, Rais-Bahrami S, Turkbey B, George AK, Rothwax J, Shakir N, et al. Comparison of MR/ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy with ultrasound-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. JAMA. 2015 Jan 27. 313 (4):390-7. [Medline].
Sankineni S, George AK, Brown AM, Rais-Bahrami S, Wood BJ, Merino MJ, et al. Posterior subcapsular prostate cancer: identification with mpMRI and MRI/TRUS fusion-guided biopsy. Abdom Imaging. 2015 Oct. 40 (7):2557-65. [Medline].
Bjurlin MA, Meng X, Le Nobin J, Wysock JS, Lepor H, Rosenkrantz AB, et al. Optimization of prostate biopsy: the role of magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsy in detection, localization and risk assessment. J Urol. 2014 Sep. 192 (3):648-58. [Medline].
Alberts AR, Schoots IG, Bokhorst LP, van Leenders GJ, Bangma CH, Roobol MJ. Risk-based Patient Selection for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted Prostate Biopsy after Negative Transrectal Ultrasound-guided Random Biopsy Avoids Unnecessary Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans. Eur Urol. 2015 Dec 2. [Medline].
Hu JC, Chang E, Natarajan S, Margolis DJ, Macairan M, Lieu P, et al. Targeted prostate biopsy in select men for active surveillance: do the Epstein criteria still apply?. J Urol. 2014 Aug. 192 (2):385-90. [Medline].
American Joint Committee on Cancer. Prostate. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017.
Cooperberg MR, Simko JP, Cowan JE, Reid JE, Djalilvand A, Bhatnagar S, et al. Validation of a cell-cycle progression gene panel to improve risk stratification in a contemporary prostatectomy cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Apr 10. 31 (11):1428-34. [Medline].
Cuzick J, Swanson GP, Fisher G, Brothman AR, Berney DM, Reid JE, et al. Prognostic value of an RNA expression signature derived from cell cycle proliferation genes in patients with prostate cancer: a retrospective study. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Mar. 12 (3):245-55. [Medline].
Klein EA, Haddad Z, Yousefi K, Lam LL, Wang Q, Choeurng V, et al. Decipher Genomic Classifier Measured on Prostate Biopsy Predicts Metastasis Risk. Urology. 2016 Jan 22. [Medline].
Falzarano SM, Ferro M, Bollito E, Klein EA, Carrieri G, Magi-Galluzzi C. Novel biomarkers and genomic tests in prostate cancer: a critical analysis. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2015 Sep. 67 (3):211-31. [Medline].