What are the cellular and extracellular tissue factors in the pathophysiology of AA (inflammatory) amyloidosis?

Answer

Cellular and extracellular tissue factors :

Mononuclear phagocytes might play a role in degradation of SAA and initiation of development of AA amyloidosis.

Polymorphisms of the mannose-binding lectin 2(MBL-2) gene leading to decreased levels of functional MBL have been related to defective macrophage function. This suggests that genetic background may affect the ability of mononuclear phagocytes to effectively process and degrade SAA proteins.

Additional tissue factors, such as enzymes found in the extracellular matrix, are likely to be involved in the proteolytic processing of SAA. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in generation of SAA N-terminal fragments. In vitro studies confirmed that human SAAs and AA amyloid fibrils are susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by MMPs, generating fragments of different sizes. Studies have demonstrated that susceptibility to MMP-1 degradation is highly dependent on SAA1 genotype.^[10]

The factors responsible for determining the site of deposition in any form of amyloidosis have not been identified. AA fibrils have been generated in tissue cultures by incubating SAA with macrophages. Deposits are frequently found in tissues with large numbers of phagocytic cells, notably the liver and spleen, but other affected organs, such as the kidneys, do not have the same cellular composition. Some data, derived from analysis of renal biopsy specimens, have suggested that glycoxidative modification of proteins, probably the AA protein itself, may also play a role in AA deposition in kidneys.

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Jefferson R Roberts, MD Chief of Rheumatology Service, Tripler Army Medical Center; Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Jefferson R Roberts, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, Society for Simulation in Healthcare

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Victoria M F Mank, MD Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center

Victoria M F Mank, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

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Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

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Elliot Goldberg, MD Dean of the Western Pennsylvania Clinical Campus, Professor, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University

Elliot Goldberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology

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Chief Editor

Herbert S Diamond, MD Visiting Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital

Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, Phi Beta Kappa

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Additional Contributors

Robert E Wolf, MD, PhD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in Shreveport; Chief, Rheumatology Section, Medical Service, Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Robert E Wolf, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Rheumatology, Arthritis Foundation, Society for Leukocyte Biology

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Joel N Buxbaum, MD Professor, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute

Joel N Buxbaum, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Society of Human Genetics, Association of American Physicians, Association of Black Cardiologists, Henry Kunkel Society

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Foldrx pharmaceuticals for consulting; Received consulting fee from Isis pharmaceuticals for consulting; Received consulting fee from alnylam pharmaceutical for consulting; Received consulting fee from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals for consulting.

Eisha Mubashir, MD Fellow in Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in Shreveport

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Richa Dhawan, MD, CCD Associate Professor, Director of Osteoporosis Clinic, Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport

Richa Dhawan, MD, CCD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American College of Rheumatology, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin

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Mohammed Mubashir Ahmed, MD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Toledo College of Medicine

Mohammed Mubashir Ahmed, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Federation for Medical Research

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Ratinder J Kaur, MD Fellow, Department of Rheumatology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in Shreveport

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

What are the cellular and extracellular tissue factors in the pathophysiology of AA (inflammatory) amyloidosis?

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