Poduri KR. Shoulder pain in stroke patients and its effect on rehabilitation. J Stroke Cerebrovascular Dis. 1993. 3:261-6.
Coskun Benlidayi I, Basaran S. Hemiplegic shoulder pain: a common clinical consequence of stroke. Pract Neurol. 2013 Aug 12. [Medline].
Adey-Wakeling Z, Arima H, Crotty M, et al. Incidence and associations of hemiplegic shoulder pain poststroke: prospective population-based study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Feb. 96 (2):241-247.e1. [Medline].
Teasell RW. The painful hemiplegic shoulder. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: State of the Art Reviews. 1998. 12(3):489-500.
Yi Y, Lee KJ, Kim W, Oh BM, Chung SG. Biomechanical properties of the glenohumeral joint capsule in hemiplegic shoulder pain. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2013 Oct. 28(8):873-8. [Medline].
Karaahmet OZ, Eksioglu E, Gurcay E, et al. Hemiplegic shoulder pain: associated factors and rehabilitation outcomes of hemiplegic patients with and without shoulder pain. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2014 May-Jun. 21 (3):237-45. [Medline].
Hanger HC, Whitewood P, Brown G, Ball MC, Harper J, Cox R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of strapping to prevent post-stroke shoulder pain. Clin Rehabil. 2000 Aug. 14(4):370-80. [Medline].
Chae J, Bethoux F, Bohine T, Dobos L, Davis T, Friedl A. Neuromuscular stimulation for upper extremity motor and functional recovery in acute hemiplegia. Stroke. 1998 May. 29(5):975-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Chae J, Yu DT, Walker ME, Kirsteins A, Elovic EP, Flanagan SR, et al. Intramuscular electrical stimulation for hemiplegic shoulder pain: a 12-month follow-up of a multiple-center, randomized clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Nov. 84(11):832-42. [Medline].
Cailliet R. The shoulder in the hemiplegic patient. Shoulder Pain. 3rd ed. FA Davis; 1991. 193-226.
Dromerick AW, Edwards DF, Kumar A. Hemiplegic shoulder pain syndrome: frequency and characteristics during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Aug. 89(8):1589-93. [Medline].
Faghri PD, Rodgers MM, Glaser RM, Bors JG, Ho C, Akuthota P. The effects of functional electrical stimulation on shoulder subluxation, arm function recovery, and shoulder pain in hemiplegic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 Jan. 75(1):73-9. [Medline].
Culham EG, Noce RR, Bagg SD. Shoulder complex position and glenohumeral subluxation in hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995 Sep. 76(9):857-64. [Medline].
Prévost R, Arsenault AB, Dutil E, Drouin G. Rotation of the scapula and shoulder subluxation in hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987 Nov. 68(11):786-90. [Medline].
Prévost R, Arsenault AB, Dutil E, Drouin G. Shoulder subluxation in hemiplegia: a radiologic correlational study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987 Nov. 68(11):782-5. [Medline].
Van Ouwenaller C, Laplace PM, Chantraine A. Painful shoulder in hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986 Jan. 67(1):23-6. [Medline].
Forster A. painful hemiplegic shoulder: physiotherapy treatment. Rev Clin Gerontol. 1994. 4:343-8.
Najenson T, Yacubovich E, Pikielni SS. Rotator cuff injury in shoulder joints of hemiplegic patients. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1971. 3(3):131-7. [Medline].
Aras MD, Gokkaya NK, Comert D, Kaya A, Cakci A. Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: results from a national rehabilitation hospital in Turkey. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Sep. 83(9):713-9. [Medline].
Boyd EA, Torrance GM. Clinical measures of shoulder subluxation: their reliability. Can J Public Health. 1992 Jul-Aug. 83 Suppl 2:S24-8. [Medline].
Bohannon RW, Andrews AW. Shoulder subluxation and pain in stroke patients. Am J Occup Ther. 1990 Jun. 44(6):507-9. [Medline].
Yu DT, Chae J, Walker ME, Hart RL, Petroski GF. Comparing stimulation-induced pain during percutaneous (intramuscular) and transcutaneous neuromuscular electric stimulation for treating shoulder subluxation in hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 Jun. 82(6):756-60. [Medline].
Yu DT, Chae J, Walker ME, Fang ZP. Percutaneous intramuscular neuromuscular electric stimulation for the treatment of shoulder subluxation and pain in patients with chronic hemiplegia: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 Jan. 82(1):20-5. [Medline].
Bohannon RW, Larkin PA, Smith MB, Horton MG. Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: statistical relationship with five variables. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986 Aug. 67(8):514-6. [Medline].
Wanklyn P, Forster A, Young J. Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP): natural history and investigation of associated features. Disabil Rehabil. 1996 Oct. 18(10):497-501. [Medline].
Dursun E, Dursun N, Ural CE, Cakci A. Glenohumeral joint subluxation and reflex sympathetic dystrophy in hemiplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 Jul. 81(7):944-6. [Medline].
Davis SW, Petrillo CR, Eichberg RD, Chu DS. Shoulder-hand syndrome in a hemiplegic population: a 5-year retrospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1977 Aug. 58(8):353-6. [Medline].
Chalsen GG. Prevalence of the shoulder-hand pain syndrome in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation population: a quantitative cross-sectional study. J Neurol Rehab. 1987. 1:137-41.
Snider R. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care. Rosemont, Ill: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; 1997. 54-6.
Tepperman PS, Greyson ND, Hilbert L, Jimenez J, Williams JI. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984 Aug. 65(8):442-7. [Medline].
Cheng PT, Hong CZ. Prediction of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in hemiplegic patients by electromyographic study. Stroke. 1995 Dec. 26(12):2277-80. [Medline].
Joynt RL. The source of shoulder pain in hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992 May. 73(5):409-13. [Medline].
Rizk TE, Christopher RP, Pinals RS, Salazar JE, Higgins C. Arthrographic studies in painful hemiplegic shoulders. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984 May. 65(5):254-6. [Medline].
Kaplan MC. Hemiplegic shoulder pain--early prevention and rehabilitation. West J Med. 1995 Feb. 162(2):151-2. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Snels IA, Beckerman H, Twisk JW, Dekker JH, Peter De Koning, Koppe PA, et al. Effect of triamcinolone acetonide injections on hemiplegic shoulder pain : A randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 2000 Oct. 31(10):2396-401. [Medline].
Kumar R, Metter EJ, Mehta AJ, Chew T. Shoulder pain in hemiplegia. The role of exercise. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1990 Aug. 69(4):205-8. [Medline].
Lindgren I, Brogardh C. Poststroke shoulder pain and its association with upper extremity sensorimotor function, daily hand activities, perceived participation, and life satisfaction. PM R. 2014 Sep. 6 (9):781-9. [Medline].
Kishner S. Poster 556: diabetes mellitus and the hemiplegic shoulder. PM R. 2012 Oct. 4(10):S380.
Boyd EA, Goudreau L, O'Riain MD, Grinnell DM, Torrance GM, Gaylard A. A radiological measure of shoulder subluxation in hemiplegia: its reliability and validity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993 Feb. 74(2):188-93. [Medline].
Kumar P, Bradley M, Gray S, Swinkels A. Reliability and validity of ultrasonographic measurements of acromion-greater tuberosity distance in poststroke hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011 May. 92(5):731-6. [Medline].
Dogun A, Karabay I, Hatipoglu C, Ozgirgin N. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance findings and correlation in hemiplegic patients with shoulder pain. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2014. 21 Suppl 1:S1-7. [Medline].
Adey-Wakeling Z, Crotty M, Shanahan EM. Suprascapular nerve block for shoulder pain in the first year after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2013 Nov. 44 (11):3136-41. [Medline].
Sencan S, Celenlioglu AE, Karadag-Saygı E, Midi İ, Gunduz OH. Effects of fluoroscopy-guıded intraartıcular injectıon, suprascapular nerve block, and combınatıon therapy ın hemıplegıc shoulder paın: a prospective double-blınd, randomızed clınıcal study. Neurol Sci. 2019 Jan 28. [Medline].
Picelli A, Bonazza S, Lobba D, et al. Suprascapular nerve block for the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain in patients with long-term chronic stroke: a pilot study. Neurol Sci. 2017 Jul 11. [Medline].
Chae J, Sheffler L, Knutson J. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for motor restoration in hemiplegia. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2008 Sep-Oct. 15(5):412-26. [Medline].
Hara Y, Ogawa S, Tsujiuchi K, Muraoka Y. A home-based rehabilitation program for the hemiplegic upper extremity by power-assisted functional electrical stimulation. Disabil Rehabil. 2008. 30(4):296-304. [Medline].
Lorish TR, Sandin KJ, Roth EJ, Noll SF. Stroke rehabilitation. 3. Rehabilitation evaluation and management. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 May. 75(5 Spec No):S47-51. [Medline].
Viana R, Pereira S, Mehta S, Miller T, Teasell R. Evidence for therapeutic interventions for hemiplegic shoulder pain during the chronic stage of stroke: a review. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2012 Nov-Dec. 19(6):514-22. [Medline].
Dekker JH, Wagenaar RC, Lankhorst GJ, de Jong BA. The painful hemiplegic shoulder: effects of intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1997 Jan-Feb. 76(1):43-8. [Medline].
Chironna RL, Hecht JS. Subscapularis motor point block for the painful hemiplegic shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990 May. 71(6):428-9. [Medline].
Hecht JS. The role of spasticity in hemiplegic shoulder pain and what to do about it. 1995.
Hecht JS. Subscapular nerve block in the painful hemiplegic shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992 Nov. 73(11):1036-9. [Medline].
Lim JY, Koh JH, Paik NJ. Intramuscular botulinum toxin-A reduces hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study versus intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide. Stroke. 2008 Jan. 39(1):126-31. [Medline]. [Full Text].
de Boer KS, Arwert HJ, de Groot JH, Meskers CG, Mishre AD, Arendzen JH. Shoulder pain and external rotation in spastic hemiplegia do not improve by injection of botulinum toxin A into the subscapular muscle. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 May. 79(5):581-3. [Medline].
Marciniak CM, Harvey RL, Gagnon CM, Duraski SA, Denby FA, McCarty S, et al. Does botulinum toxin type A decrease pain and lessen disability in hemiplegic survivors of stroke with shoulder pain and spasticity?: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Dec. 91(12):1007-19. [Medline].
Kong KH, Chua KS. Neurolysis of the musculocutaneous nerve with alcohol to treat poststroke elbow flexor spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999 Oct. 80(10):1234-6. [Medline].
Chantraine A, Baribeault A, Uebelhart D, Gremion G. Shoulder pain and dysfunction in hemiplegia: effects of functional electrical stimulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999 Mar. 80(3):328-31. [Medline].
Wilson RD, Bennett ME, Nguyen VQC, et al. Fully Implantable Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain: A Multi-Site Case Series With Two-Year Follow-Up. Neuromodulation. 2018 Apr. 21 (3):290-5. [Medline].
Carr EK, Kenney FD. Positioning of the stroke patient: a review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 1992 Nov. 29(4):355-69. [Medline].
Brandstater ME. Stroke rehabilitation. DeLisa JA, Gans BM, eds. Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. 1165-89.
Brennan JA. The role of physical therapy in multidisciplinary stroke rehabilitation. Sife W, ed. After Stroke: Enhancing Quality of Life. New York, NY: Haworth Press; 1998.
Volpe BT, Krebs HI, Hogan N, Edelstein OTR L, Diels C, Aisen M. A novel approach to stroke rehabilitation: robot-aided sensorimotor stimulation. Neurology. 2000 May 23. 54(10):1938-44. [Medline].
Reding MJ. Focused stroke rehabilitation programs: a review of prospective controlled trials. Sife W, ed. After Stroke: Enhancing Quality of Life. New York, NY: Haworth Press; 1998.
Carr JH, Shephard RB. 2nd ed. A Motor Relearning Programme for Stroke. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992.
Schleenbaker RE, Mainous AG 3rd. Electromyographic biofeedback for neuromuscular reeducation in the hemiplegic stroke patient: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993 Dec. 74(12):1301-4. [Medline].
Parry RH, Lincoln NB, Vass CD. Effect of severity of arm impairment on response to additional physiotherapy early after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 1999 Jun. 13(3):187-98. [Medline].
Basmajian JV, Gowland CA, Finlayson MA, Hall AL, Swanson LR, Stratford PW, et al. Stroke treatment: comparison of integrated behavioral-physical therapy vs traditional physical therapy programs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987 May. 68(5 Pt 1):267-72. [Medline].
Dickstein R, Hocherman S, Pillar T, Shaham R. Stroke rehabilitation. Three exercise therapy approaches. Phys Ther. 1986 Aug. 66(8):1233-8. [Medline].
Ernst E. A review of stroke rehabilitation and physiotherapy. Stroke. 1990 Jul. 21(7):1081-5. [Medline].
Logigian MK, Samuels MA, Falconer J, Zagar R. Clinical exercise trial for stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1983 Aug. 64(8):364-7. [Medline].
Salter J, Camp Y, Pierce LL, Mion LC. Rehabilitation nursing approaches to cerebrovascular accident: a comparison of two approaches. Rehabil Nurs. 1991 Mar-Apr. 16(2):62-6. [Medline].
Wagenaar RC, Meijer OG, van Wieringen PC, Kuik DJ, Hazenberg GJ, Lindeboom J, et al. The functional recovery of stroke: a comparison between neuro-developmental treatment and the Brunnstrom method. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1990. 22(1):1-8. [Medline].
Wolf SL, Lecraw DE, Barton LA, Jann BB. Forced use of hemiplegic upper extremities to reverse the effect of learned nonuse among chronic stroke and head-injured patients. Exp Neurol. 1989 May. 104(2):125-32. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Taub E, Miller NE, Novack TA, Cook EW 3rd, Fleming WC, Nepomuceno CS, et al. Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993 Apr. 74(4):347-54. [Medline].
Morris DM. Constraint-induced movement therapy for motor recovery after stroke. NeuroRehabil. 1997. 9:29-43.
Appel C, Perry L, Jones F. Shoulder strapping for stroke-related upper limb dysfunction and shoulder impairments: systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2014 Jan 1. 35 (2):191-204. [Medline].
Kirshblum SC. Spinal and upper extremity orthotics. DeLisa JA, Gans BM, eds. Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. 646.
Zorowitz RD, Idank D, Ikai T, Hughes MB, Johnston MV. Shoulder subluxation after stroke: a comparison of four supports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995 Aug. 76(8):763-71. [Medline].
Brooke MM, de Lateur BJ, Diana-Rigby GC, Questad KA. Shoulder subluxation in hemiplegia: effects of three different supports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991 Jul. 72(8):582-6. [Medline].
CARROLL D. HAND FUNCTION IN HEMIPLEGIA. J Chronic Dis. 1965 May. 18:493-500. [Medline].
Van Buskirk C, Webster D. Prognostic value of sensory deficit in rehabilitation of hemiplegics. Neurology. 1955. 5(6):407-11.
Kingery WS. Complex regional pain syndrome. Grabois M, ed. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: The Complete Approach. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science; 2000. 1101-125.