What is the Framingham Risk Score (FRS)?

1. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998 May 12. 97 (18):1837-47. [Medline]. [Full Text].

2. [Guideline] National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17. 106 (25):3143-421. [Medline]. [Full Text].

3. D'Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008 Feb 12. 117 (6):743-53. [Medline]. [Full Text].

4. Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, Larson MG, D'Agostino RB, Beiser A, Wilson PW, et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age. Circulation. 2006 Feb 14. 113 (6):791-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

5. [Guideline] Expert Dyslipidemia Panel of the International Atherosclerosis Society Panel members. An International Atherosclerosis Society Position Paper: global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia--full report. J Clin Lipidol. 2014 Jan-Feb. 8 (1):29-60. [Medline]. [Full Text].

6. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB Sr, Larson MG, Massaro JM, Vasan RS. Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease: the framingham heart study. Circulation. 2009 Jun 23. 119 (24):3078-84. [Medline]. [Full Text].

7. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, Cook NR. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA. 2007 Feb 14. 297 (6):611-9. [Medline].

8. Ridker PM, Paynter NP, Rifai N, Gaziano JM, Cook NR. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation. 2008 Nov 25. 118 (22):2243-51, 4p following 2251. [Medline]. [Full Text].

9. [Guideline] Goff DC Jr, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24. 129 (25 Suppl 2):S49-73. [Medline]. [Full Text].

10. [Guideline] Ridker PM, Cook NR. Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 2013 Nov 30. 382 (9907):1762-5. [Medline].

11. Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Williams K, Neely B, Sniderman AD, et al. Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 10. 370 (15):1422-31. [Medline]. [Full Text].

12. Maddox TM, Borden WB, Tang F, Virani SS, Oetgen WJ, Mullen JB, et al. Implications of the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guidelines for adults in contemporary cardiovascular practice: insights from the NCDR PINNACLE registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2. 64 (21):2183-92. [Medline].

13. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, May M, Brindle P. Derivation and validation of QRISK, a new cardiovascular disease risk score for the United Kingdom: prospective open cohort study. BMJ. 2007 Jul 21. 335 (7611):136. [Medline]. [Full Text].

14. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, Minhas R, Sheikh A, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ. 2008 Jun 28. 336 (7659):1475-82. [Medline]. [Full Text].

15. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003 Jun. 24 (11):987-1003. [Medline]. [Full Text].

16. [Guideline] Perk J, et al; European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR), ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2012 Jul. 33 (13):1635-701. [Medline]. [Full Text].

17. Cooney MT, Dudina AL, Graham IM. Value and limitations of existing scores for the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a review for clinicians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Sep 29. 54 (14):1209-27. [Medline]. [Full Text].

18. DeFilippis AP, Young R, Carrubba CJ, McEvoy JW, Budoff MJ, Blumenthal RS, et al. An analysis of calibration and discrimination among multiple cardiovascular risk scores in a modern multiethnic cohort. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Feb 17. 162 (4):266-75. [Medline].

19. Kavousi M, Leening MJ, Nanchen D, Greenland P, Graham IM, Steyerberg EW, et al. Comparison of application of the ACC/AHA guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in a European cohort. JAMA. 2014 Apr 9. 311 (14):1416-23. [Medline]. [Full Text].

20. Vaucher J, Marques-Vidal P, Preisig M, Waeber G, Vollenweider P. Population and economic impact of the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines compared with European guidelines to prevent cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2014 Apr. 35 (15):958-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

21. Tattersall MC, Gangnon RE, Karmali KN, Keevil JG. Women up, men down: the clinical impact of replacing the Framingham Risk Score with the Reynolds Risk Score in the United States population. PLoS One. 2012. 7 (9):e44347. [Medline]. [Full Text].

22. Selvarajah S, Kaur G, Haniff J, Cheong KC, Hiong TG, van der Graaf Y, et al. Comparison of the Framingham Risk Score, SCORE and WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk prediction models in an Asian population. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Sep. 176 (1):211-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

23. [Guideline] U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final Recommendation Statement: Lipid Disorders in Adults (Cholesterol, Dyslipidemia): Screening. USPSTF. Available at http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/lipid-disorders-in-adults-cholesterol-dyslipidemia-screening. June 2008; Accessed: December 30, 2015.

24. [Guideline] Stone NJ, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24. 129 (25 Suppl 2):S1-45. [Medline]. [Full Text].

25. [Guideline] Jellinger PS, Smith DA, Mehta AE, Ganda O, Handelsman Y, Rodbard HW, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Endocr Pract. 2012 Mar-Apr. 18 Suppl 1:1-78. [Medline]. [Full Text].

26. [Guideline] Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Bays HE, Jones PH, et al. National Lipid Association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1 - executive summary. J Clin Lipidol. 2014 Sep-Oct. 8 (5):473-88. [Medline]. [Full Text].

27. [Guideline] Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. Clinical practice guideline for the management of dyslipidemia for cardiovascular risk reduction. Available at http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/lipids/VADoDDyslipidemiaCPG.pdf. December 2014; Accessed: December 30, 2105.

28. [Guideline] European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, et al; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) 2008-2010 and 2010-2012 Committees. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011 Jul. 32 (14):1769-818. [Medline]. [Full Text].

29. [Guideline] U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Lipid Disorders in Children: Screening. USPSTF. Available at http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Topic/recommendation-summary/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening. July 2007; Accessed: December 30, 2015.

30. [Guideline] Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011 Dec. 128 Suppl 5:S213-56. [Medline]. [Full Text].

31. [Guideline] Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Nov 8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

32. Stiles S. New ACC/AHA/HRS cholesterol treatment guideline expands role of LDL targets. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/904736. November 10, 2018; Accessed: November 15, 2018.

Eric H Yang, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Director of Cardiac Catherization Laboratory and Interventional Cardiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona

Eric H Yang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mariclaire Cloutier Freelance editor, Medscape Drugs & Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.