In tropical areas, influenza occurs throughout the year. In the Northern Hemisphere, the influenza season typically starts in early fall, peaks in mid-February, and ends in the late spring of the following year. The duration and severity of influenza epidemics vary, however, depending on the virus subtype involved.
The World Health Organization estimates that worldwide, annual influenza epidemics result in about 3-5 million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. [21] In the United States, individual cases of seasonal flu and flu-related deaths in adults are not reportable illnesses; consequently, mortality is estimated by using statistical models. [1]
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that flu-associated deaths in the US ranged from about 3000 to 49,000 annually between 1976 and 2006. The CDC notes that the often-cited figure of 36,000 annual flu-related deaths was derived from years when the predominant virus subtype was H3N2, which tends to be more lethal than H1N1. [1]
Related Questions:
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Countries where avian influenza has been reported. Image courtesy of the World Health Organization.
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Colorized transmission electron micrograph shows avian influenza A H5N1 viruses (gold) grown in MDCK cells (green). Image courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Transmission electron micrograph (original magnification 150,000X) shows ultrastructural details of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virion, a subtype of avian influenza A. Note the stippled appearance of the roughened surface of the proteinaceous coat encasing the virion. Image courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Tables
Hien H Nguyen, MD, MS Chief of Infectious Diseases, VA Northern California Health Care System; Clinical Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Infectious Diseases Consultant and Hospitalist, University of California, Davis, Health System; Medical Director, Acute Infections Management Service, Antimicrobial Infusion Service
Hien H Nguyen, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society of Critical Care Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Robert W Derlet, MD Professor of Emergency Medicine, University of California at Davis School of Medicine; Chief Emeritus, Emergency Department, University of California at Davis Health System
Robert W Derlet, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Christian E Sandrock, MD, MPH, FCCP Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center
Christian E Sandrock, MD, MPH, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Received honoraria from Pfizer for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Pfizer for consulting; Received honoraria from therevance for consulting; Received honoraria from GSK for speaking and teaching.
Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London
Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Nicholas John Bennett, MB, BCh, PhD, Assistant Professor in Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center
Nicholas John Bennett, MB, BCh, PhD, is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Pediatrics
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Ethan E Bodle, MD, MPH Associate Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente East Bay Medical Center
Ethan E Bodle, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and American Public Health Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Joseph Domachowske, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Upstate Medical University
Joseph Domachowske, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Jon Mark Hirshon, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Jon Mark Hirshon, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Public Health Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Associate Professor, Department of Health Services Administration, Xavier University
Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Public Health Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Joseph F John Jr, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FSHEA Clinical Professor of Medicine, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine; Associate Chief of Staff for Education, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Ruth Lawrence, MD Chief, Division of Infectious and Immunologic Diseases, Director of Medical Student Education, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Health System
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory; Director of Research in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital
Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Thoracic Society, and Society of Critical Care Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Frederick Burton Rose, MD, FACP Professor, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Epidemiologist, State University of New York Upstate Medical University
Frederick Burton Rose, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Charles V Sanders, MD Edgar Hull Professor and Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine at New Orleans; Medical Director, Medicine Hospital Center, Charity Hospital and Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans; Consulting Staff, Ochsner Medical Center
Charles V Sanders, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of University Professors, American Clinical and Climatological Association, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Foundation for AIDS Research, AmericanGeriatricsSociety, American Lung Association, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Thoracic Society, American Venereal Disease Association, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Association of American Medical Colleges, Association of American Physicians, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology, InfectiousDiseases Societyof America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Orleans Parish Medical Society, Royal Society of Medicine, Sigma Xi, Society of General Internal Medicine, Southeastern Clinical Club, Southern Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, and Southwestern Association of Clinical Microbiology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment
David Yew, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Hawaii, John A Burns School of Medicine; Medical Director and Flight Physician, Hawaii Life Flight, AirMed International
David Yew, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Air Medical Physician Association and American College of Emergency Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.