What specimens can be used to perform an immunofixation test?

1. Cawley LP, Minard BJ, Tourtellotte WW, et al. Immunofixation electrophoretic techniques applied to identification of proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1976. 22:1262-8.

2. Guido Tricot. Multiple Myeloma. Ronald Hoffman, Leslie E. Silberstein, Sanford J. Shattil, Bruce Furie, Philip McGlave. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2008. chapter 87.

3. Fanning SR, Hussein MA. Monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance. Medscape Drugs & Diseases. 2018 Sep 7. [Full Text].

4. Shah D, Seiter K. Multiple myeloma. Medscape Drugs & Diseases. 2019 Jul 15. [Full Text].

5. Beaumont-Epinette MP, Moreau C, Besnard S, Latute F, Collet N, Sebillot M, et al. Heavy/light chain specific immunoglobulin ratios provides no additional information than serum proteins electrophoresis and immunofixation for the diagnosis and the follow-up of intact immunoglobulin multiple myeloma patients. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2015 Aug 26. [Medline].

6. Yang G, Geng C, Chen W. Clinical characteristics of a group of patients with multiple myeloma who had two different λ light chains by immunofixation electrophoresis: A retrospective study from a single center. Exp Ther Med. 2015 May. 9 (5):1895-1900. [Medline].

7. Seiter K, Ponce D. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Medscape Drugs & Diseases. 2018 Dec 3. [Full Text].

8. Urbancek S, Gascon P, Schwartz RA, Jacobson DR, Buxbaum JN, Bogdan CA. Immunoglobulin-related amyloidosis. Medscape Drugs & Diseases. 2017 Dec 28. [Full Text].

9. Luzzio C, Dangond F. Multiple sclerosis. Medscape Drugs & Diseases. 2019 May 23. [Full Text].

10. Dimopoulos M, Kyle R, Fermand JP, et al. Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel. Blood. 2011. 117:4701-5.

11. Cavuoti D, Baskin L, Jialal I. Detection of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid by immunofixation electrophoresis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1998. 109:585-8.

12. Morris C, Drake M, Apperley J, et al. Efficacy and outcome of autologous transplantation in rare myelomas. Haematologica. 2010. 95:2126-33.

13. Kyle RA, Durie BG, Rajkumar SV, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management. Leukemia. 2010. 24:1121-7.

14. Bird J, Behrens J, Westin J, et al. UK Myeloma Forum (UKMF) and Nordic Myeloma Study Group (NMSG): guidelines for the investigation of newly detected M-proteins and the management of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Br J Haematol. 2009. 147:22-42.

15. NCCN practice guidelines.

16. Lahuerta JJ, Jimenez-Ubieto A, Paiva B, et al. Role of urine immunofixation in the complete response assessment of MM patients other than light-chain-only disease. Blood. 2019 Jun 20. 133 (25):2664-8. [Medline].

17. Sasson SC, McGill K, Wienholt L, Carr A, Brown DA, Kelleher AD, et al. Comparison of the Freelite serum free light chain (SFLC) assay with serum and urine electrophoresis/immunofixation and the N Latex FLC assay. Pathology. 2015 Oct. 47 (6):564-9. [Medline].

18. Kaplan JS, Horowitz GL. Twenty-four-hour Bence-Jones protein determinations: can we ensure accuracy?. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011. 135:1048-51.

19. Ramakrishnan N, Jialal I. Bence-Jones Protein. StatPearls. 2019 Jan. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Anastasios Dimou, MD Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John C Leighton, Jr, MD, FACP Clinical Associate Professor, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Chief, Division of Medical Oncology, Jeanes Hospital; Associate Director, Associate Chief, Divisions of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center; Associate Member Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson Hospital

John C Leighton, Jr, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society of Hematology, American Society of Clinical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eric B Staros, MD Associate Professor of Pathology, St Louis University School of Medicine; Director of Clinical Laboratories, Director of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, St Louis University Hospital

Eric B Staros, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.