Taylor AJ, Cerqueira M, Hodgson JM, et al. ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiog... Circulation. 2010 Nov 23. 122(21):e525-55. [Medline].
Klass O, Walker M, Siebach A, et al. Prospectively gated axial CT coronary angiography: comparison of image quality and effective radiation dose between 64- and 256-slice CT. Eur Radiol. 2010 May. 20(5):1124-31. [Medline].
Earls JP, Berman EL, Urban BA, et al. Prospectively gated transverse coronary CT angiography versus retrospectively gated helical technique: improved image quality and reduced radiation dose. Radiology. 2008 Mar. 246(3):742-53. [Medline].
Kroft LJ, de Roos A, Geleijns J. Artifacts in ECG-synchronized MDCT coronary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Sep. 189(3):581-91. [Medline].
Decramer I, Vanhoenacker PK, Sarno G, Van Hoe L, Bladt O, Wijns W. Effects of sublingual nitroglycerin on coronary lumen diameter and number of visualized septal branches on 64-MDCT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Jan. 190(1):219-25. [Medline].
2009 Physicians' Desk Reference. 63rd ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson Reuters; 2009.
Sirineni GK, Kalra MK, Pottala KM, Syed MA, Tigges S, Cann AD. Visualization techniques in computed tomographic coronary angiography. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2006 Nov-Dec. 35(6):245-57. [Medline].
Busch S, Johnson TR, Nikolaou K, von Ziegler F, Knez A, Reiser MF. Visual and automatic grading of coronary artery stenoses with 64-slice CT angiography in reference to invasive angiography. Eur Radiol. 2007 Jun. 17(6):1445-51. [Medline].
Budoff MJ, Cohen MC, Garcia MJ, et al. ACCF/AHA clinical competence statement on cardiac imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance. Circulation. 2005 Jul 26. 112(4):598-617. [Medline].
Weinreb JC, Larson PA, Woodard PK, et al. American College of Radiology clinical statement on noninvasive cardiac imaging. Radiology. 2005 Jun. 235(3):723-7. [Medline].
Budoff MJ, Cohen MC, Garcia MJ, et al. ACCF/AHA clinical competence statement on cardiac imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians Task Force on Clinical Competence and Training. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Jul 19. 46(2):383-402. [Medline].
Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Nov 18. 52(21):1724-32. [Medline].
den Dekker MA, de Smet K, de Bock GH, Tio RA, Oudkerk M, Vliegenthart R. Diagnostic performance of coronary CT angiography for stenosis detection according to calcium score: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2012 Dec. 22(12):2688-98. [Medline].
Torres FS, Venkatesh V, Nguyen ET, Jimenez-Juan L, Crean AM. Coronary calcium scan acquisition before coronary CT angiography: limited benefit or useful addition?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013 Jan. 200(1):66-73. [Medline].
Bluemke DA, Achenbach S, Budoff M, et al. Noninvasive coronary artery imaging: magnetic resonance angiography and multidetector computed tomography angiography: a scientific statement from the american heart association committee on cardiovascular imaging and intervention of the council on cardiovascular radiology and intervention, and the councils on clinical cardiology and cardiovascular disease in the young. Circulation. 2008 Jul 29. 118(5):586-606. [Medline].
Schuetz GM, Zacharopoulou NM, Schlattmann P, Dewey M. Meta-analysis: noninvasive coronary angiography using computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Feb 2. 152(3):167-77. [Medline].
Cho I, Chang HJ, Sung JM, et al. Coronary computed tomographic angiography and risk of all-cause mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in subjects without chest pain syndrome from the CONFIRM Registry (coronary CT angiography evaluation for clinical outcomes: an international multicenter registry). Circulation. 2012 Jul 17. 126(3):304-13. [Medline].
Shaw LJ, Hausleiter J, Achenbach S, et al. Coronary computed tomographic angiography as a gatekeeper to invasive diagnostic and surgical procedures: results from the multicenter CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: an International Multicenter) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Nov 13. 60(20):2103-14. [Medline].
Hoffmann U, Truong QA, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Coronary CT angiography versus standard evaluation in acute chest pain. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 26. 367(4):299-308. [Medline].
Hulten E, Pickett C, Bittencourt MS, et al. Outcomes after coronary computed tomography angiography in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Feb 26. 61(8):880-92. [Medline].
Mowatt G, Cummins E, Waugh N, et al. Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of coronary artery disease. Health Technol Assess. 2008 May. 12(17):iii-iv, ix-143. [Medline].
Min JK, Gilmore A, Budoff MJ, Berman DS, O'Day K. Cost-effectiveness of coronary CT angiography versus myocardial perfusion SPECT for evaluation of patients with chest pain and no known coronary artery disease. Radiology. 2010 Mar. 254(3):801-8. [Medline].
Min JK, Koduru S, Dunning AM, et al. Coronary CT angiography versus myocardial perfusion imaging for near-term quality of life, cost and radiation exposure: a prospective multicenter randomized pilot trial. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2012 Jul-Aug. 6(4):274-83. [Medline].
Gorenoi V, Schönermark MP, Hagen A. CT coronary angiography vs. invasive coronary angiography in CHD. GMS Health Technol Assess. 2012. 8:Doc02. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Miller JM, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, et al. Diagnostic performance of coronary angiography by 64-row CT. N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 27. 359(22):2324-36. [Medline].
Wever-Pinzon O, Romero J, Kelesidis I, et al. Coronary computed tomography angiography for the detection of cardiac allograft vasculopathy: a meta-analysis of prospective trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 May 20. 63(19):1992-2004. [Medline].
Douglas PS, Hoffmann U, Patel MR, et al, for the PROMISE Investigators. Outcomes of anatomical versus functional testing for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 2. 372(14):1291-300. [Medline].
Mark DB, Berman DS, Budoff MJ, et al. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SAIP/SCAI/SCCT 2010 expert consensus document on coronary computed tomographic angiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2010 Jun 8. 121(22):2509-43. [Medline].
Sun Z, Almutairi AM. Diagnostic accuracy of 64 multislice CT angiography in the assessment of coronary in-stent restenosis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2010 Feb. 73(2):266-73. [Medline].
Sheth T, Dodd JD, Hoffmann U, et al. Coronary stent assessability by 64 slice multi-detector computed tomography. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2007 Jun 1. 69(7):933-8. [Medline].
Maintz D, Burg MC, Seifarth H, et al. Update on multidetector coronary CT angiography of coronary stents: in vitro evaluation of 29 different stent types with dual-source CT. Eur Radiol. 2009 Jan. 19(1):42-9. [Medline].
Oncel D, Oncel G, Tastan A, Tamci B. Evaluation of coronary stent patency and in-stent restenosis with dual-source CT coronary angiography without heart rate control. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Jul. 191(1):56-63. [Medline].
Pugliese F, Cademartiri F, van Mieghem C, et al. Multidetector CT for visualization of coronary stents. Radiographics. 2006 May-Jun. 26(3):887-904. [Medline].
Poon M, Rubin GD, Achenbach S, et al. Consensus update on the appropriate usage of cardiac computed tomographic angiography. J Invasive Cardiol. 2007 Nov. 19(11):484-90. [Medline].
Lim HB, Hur G, Kim SY, et al. Coronary stent fracture: detection with 64-section multidetector CT angiography in patients and in vitro. Radiology. 2008 Dec. 249(3):810-9. [Medline].
Hamon M, Lepage O, Malagutti P, et al. Diagnostic performance of 16- and 64-section spiral CT for coronary artery bypass graft assessment: meta-analysis. Radiology. 2008 Jun. 247(3):679-86. [Medline].
von Kiedrowski H, Wiemer M, Franzke K, et al. Non-invasive coronary angiography: the clinical value of multi-slice computed tomography in the assessment of patients with prior coronary bypass surgery. Evaluating grafts and native vessels. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009 Feb. 25(2):161-70. [Medline].
Stillman AE, Rubin GD, Teague SD, White RD, Woodard PK, Larson PA. Structured reporting: coronary CT angiography: a white paper from the American College of Radiology and the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Coll Radiol. 2008 Jul. 5(7):796-800. [Medline].
Mahesh M, Cody DD. Physics of cardiac imaging with multiple-row detector CT. Radiographics. 2007 Sep-Oct. 27(5):1495-509. [Medline].
Primak AN, McCollough CH, Bruesewitz MR, Zhang J, Fletcher JG. Relationship between noise, dose, and pitch in cardiac multi-detector row CT. Radiographics. 2006 Nov-Dec. 26(6):1785-94. [Medline].
Cody DD, Mahesh M. AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: Technologic advances in multidetector CT with a focus on cardiac imaging. Radiographics. 2007 Nov-Dec. 27(6):1829-37. [Medline].
Achenbach S, Anders K, Kalender WA. Dual-source cardiac computed tomography: image quality and dose considerations. Eur Radiol. 2008 Jun. 18(6):1188-98. [Medline].
Salavati A, Radmanesh F, Heidari K, Dwamena BA, Kelly AM, Cronin P. Dual-source computed tomography angiography for diagnosis and assessment of coronary artery disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2012 Mar-Apr. 6(2):78-90. [Medline].
Westwood ME, Raatz HD, Misso K, et al. Systematic review of the accuracy of dual-source cardiac CT for detection of arterial stenosis in difficult to image patient groups. Radiology. 2013 May. 267(2):387-95. [Medline].
Gassenmaier T, Petri N, Allmendinger T, et al. Next generation coronary CT angiography: in vitro evaluation of 27 coronary stents. Eur Radiol. 2014 Nov. 24(11):2953-61. [Medline].
Rybicki FJ, Otero HJ, Steigner ML, et al. Initial evaluation of coronary images from 320-detector row computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 Jun. 24(5):535-46. [Medline].
Steigner ML, Otero HJ, Cai T, et al. Narrowing the phase window width in prospectively ECG-gated single heart beat 320-detector row coronary CT angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009 Jan. 25(1):85-90. [Medline].
Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, et al. Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer. Arch Intern Med. Dec 2009. 169:2078-86. [Medline].
Huang B, Li J, Zhang J, et al. Radiation dose and cancer risk in retrospectively and prospectively ECG-gated coronary angiography using 64-slice multidetector CT. Br J Radiol. Feb 2010. 83:152-8. [Medline].
Patel MR, Peterson ED, Dai D et al. Low diagnostic yield of elective coronary angiography. NEJM. March 2010. 362:886-95.
Halpern EJ, Fischman D, Savage MP, Koka AR, DeCaro M, Levin DC. Decision analytic model for evaluation of suspected coronary disease with stress testing and coronary CT angiography. Acad Radiol. 2010 May. 17(5):577-86. [Medline].
Hausleiter J, Meyer T. Tips to minimize radiation exposure. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2008 Sep-Oct. 2(5):325-7. [Medline].
Halliburton SS, Abbara S, Chen MY, et al. SCCT guidelines on radiation dose and dose-optimization strategies in cardiovascular CT. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2011 Jul-Aug. 5(4):198-224. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Stolzmann P, Leschka S, Scheffel H, et al. Dual-source CT in step-and-shoot mode: noninvasive coronary angiography with low radiation dose. Radiology. 2008 Oct. 249(1):71-80. [Medline].
Husmann L, Valenta I, Gaemperli O, et al. Feasibility of low-dose coronary CT angiography: first experience with prospective ECG-gating. Eur Heart J. 2008 Jan. 29(2):191-7. [Medline].
Dewey M, Zimmermann E, Deissenrider F, et al. Noninvasive coronary angiography by 320-row computed tomography with lower radiation exposure and maintained diagnostic accuracy: comparison of results with cardiac catherization in a head-to-head pilot investigation. Circulation. Sep 2009. 120:867-75. [Medline].
Menke J, Unterberg-Buchwald C, Staab W, Sohns JM, Seif Amir Hosseini A, Schwarz A. Head-to-head comparison of prospectively triggered vs retrospectively gated coronary computed tomography angiography: Meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy, image quality, and radiation dose. Am Heart J. 2013 Feb. 165(2):154-163.e3. [Medline].
Tatsugami F, Matsuki M, Nakai G, et al. The effect of adaptive iterative dose reduction on image quality in 320-detector row CT coronary angiography. Br J Radiol. 2012 Aug. 85(1016):e378-82. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Chen MY, Shanbhag SM, Arai AE. Submillisievert median radiation dose for coronary angiography with a second-generation 320-detector row CT scanner in 107 consecutive patients. Radiology. 2013 Apr. 267(1):76-85. [Medline].
Pannu HK, Alvarez W Jr, Fishman EK. Beta-blockers for cardiac CT: a primer for the radiologist. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006 Jun. 186(6 Suppl 2):S341-5. [Medline].
Weigold WG. Coronary CT angiography: insights into patient preparation and scanning. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006 Dec. 9(4):205-9. [Medline].
Degertekin M, Gemici G, Kaya Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of patient preparation with intravenous esmolol before 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography. Coron Artery Dis. 2008 Feb. 19(1):33-6. [Medline].
Oncel D, Oncel G, Tastan A. Effectiveness of dual-source CT coronary angiography for the evaluation of coronary artery disease in patients with atrial fibrillation: initial experience. Radiology. 2007 Dec. 245(3):703-11. [Medline].
Matsumoto H, Kondo T, Watanabe S, et al. ECG-edited middiastolic phase reconstruction improves image quality at 64-MDCT coronary angiography of patients with atrial fibrillation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Dec. 191(6):1659-66. [Medline].
Sanz J, Rius T, Kuschnir P, et al. The importance of end-systole for optimal reconstruction protocol of coronary angiography with 16-slice multidetector computed tomography. Invest Radiol. 2005 Mar. 40(3):155-63. [Medline].
Seifarth H, Wienbeck S, Pusken M, et al. Optimal systolic and diastolic reconstruction windows for coronary CT angiography using dual-source CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Dec. 189(6):1317-23. [Medline].
Zimmet JM, Miller JM. Coronary artery CTA: imaging of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and reporting of coronary artery CTA findings. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006 Dec. 9(4):218-26. [Medline].
Kini S, Bis KG, Weaver L. Normal and variant coronary arterial and venous anatomy on high-resolution CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Jun. 188(6):1665-74. [Medline].
Saremi F, Krishnan S. Cardiac conduction system: anatomic landmarks relevant to interventional electrophysiologic techniques demonstrated with 64-detector CT. Radiographics. 2007 Nov-Dec. 27(6):1539-65; discussion 1566-7. [Medline].
Cademartiri F, La Grutta L, Malago R, et al. Prevalence of anatomical variants and coronary anomalies in 543 consecutive patients studied with 64-slice CT coronary angiography. Eur Radiol. 2008 Apr. 18(4):781-91. [Medline].
Agarwal PP, Kazerooni EA. Dual left anterior descending coronary artery: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Dec. 191(6):1698-701. [Medline].
Sundaram B, Patel S, Agarwal P, Kazerooni EA. Anatomy and terminology for the interpretation and reporting of cardiac MDCT: part 2, CT angiography, cardiac function assessment, and noncoronary and extracardiac findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Mar. 192(3):584-98. [Medline].
Nerantzis CE, Marianou SK, Koulouris SN, Agapitos EB, Papaioannou JA, Vlahos LJ. Kugel's artery: an anatomical and angiographic study using a new technique. Tex Heart Inst J. 2004. 31(3):267-70. [Medline].
O'Leary EL, Garza L, Williams M, McCall D. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Vieussens' ring. Circulation. 1998 Aug 4. 98(5):487-8. [Medline].
Kim SY, Seo JB, Do KH, et al. Coronary artery anomalies: classification and ECG-gated multi-detector row CT findings with angiographic correlation. Radiographics. 2006 Mar-Apr. 26(2):317-33; discussion 333-4. [Medline].
Hazirolan T, Canyigit M, Karcaaltincaba M, et al. Myocardial bridging on MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Apr. 188(4):1074-80. [Medline].
Dodd JD, Ferencik M, Liberthson RR, et al. Evaluation of efficacy of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography in patients with congenital coronary fistulas. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2008 Mar-Apr. 32(2):265-70. [Medline].
Dodd JD, Rieber J, Pomerantsev E, et al. Quantification of nonculprit coronary lesions: comparison of cardiac 64-MDCT and invasive coronary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Aug. 191(2):432-8. [Medline].
Muzzarelli S, Suerder D, Murzilli R, et al. Predictors of disagreement between prospectively ECG-triggered dual-source coronary computed tomography angiography and conventional coronary angiography. Eur J Radiol. 2016 Jun. 85(6):1138-46. [Medline].
Qi L, Tang LJ, Xu Y, et al. The diagnostic performance of coronary CT angiography for the assessment of coronary stenosis in calcified plaque. PLoS One. 2016. 11(5):e0154852. [Medline].
Karlo CA, Leschka S, Stolzmann P, Glaser-Gallion N, Wildermuth S, Alkadhi H. A systematic approach for analysis, interpretation, and reporting of coronary CTA studies. Insights Imaging. 2012 Jun. 3(3):215-28. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Zhang S, Levin DC, Halpern EJ, Fischman D, Savage M, Walinsky P. Accuracy of MDCT in assessing the degree of stenosis caused by calcified coronary artery plaques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Dec. 191(6):1676-83. [Medline].
Marano R, Savino G, Merlino B, et al. MDCT coronary angiography -- postprocessing, reading, and reporting: last but not least. Acta Radiol. 2013 Apr 1. 54(3):249-58. [Medline].
Achenbach S, Marwan M, Ropers D, et al. Coronary computed tomography angiography with a consistent dose below 1 mSv using prospectively electrocardiogram-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition. Eur Heart J. February 2010. 31:340-6. [Medline].
Al-Mallah MH, Qureshi W, Lin FY, et al. Does coronary CT angiography improve risk stratification over coronary calcium scoring in symptomatic patients with suspected coronary artery disease? Results from the prospective multicenter international CONFIRM registry. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Mar. 15(3):267-74. [Medline].
Liu X, Wu G, Xu C, et al. Quantitative evaluation of coronary plaque progression by computed tomographic angiography. Tex Heart Inst J. 2017 Oct. 44(5):312-9. [Medline].
Kolossvary M, Szilveszter B, Merkely B, Maurovich-Horvat P. Plaque imaging with CT-a comprehensive review on coronary CT angiography based risk assessment. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017 Oct. 7(5):489-506. [Medline].
Achenbach S. Coronary CT angiography-future directions. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017 Oct. 7(5):432-8. [Medline].
