How are patients positioned for the administration of cooling for hyperthermia?

1. McGugan EA. Hyperpyrexia in the emergency department. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2001 Mar. 13(1):116-20. [Medline].

2. DeFranco MJ, Baker CL 3rd, DaSilva JJ, Piasecki DP, Bach BR Jr. Environmental issues for team physicians. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Nov. 36(11):2226-37. [Medline].

3. Webb P. The physiology of heat regulation. Am J Physiol. 1995 Apr. 268(4 Pt 2):R838-50. [Medline].

4. Moran DS, Gaffin SL. Clinical management of heat-related illness. Auerbach PS. Wilderness Medicine. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2001.

5. Erickson TB, Prendergast HM. Procedures pertaining to hyperthermia. Roberts JR, Hedges JR, Chanmugan AS, et al. Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine. 4th ed. WB Saunders; 2004. 1358-70.

6. Yoder E. Disorders due to heat and cold. Goldman L. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 21st. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2001.

7. Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Leon AC, Hirsch CS, Portera L, Iqbal MI, et al. Ambient temperature and mortality from unintentional cocaine overdose. JAMA. 1998 Jun 10. 279 (22):1795-800. [Medline].

8. Brothers RM, Bhella PS, Shibata S, Wingo JE, Levine BD, Crandall CG. Cardiac systolic and diastolic function during whole-body heat stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009 Feb 13. [Medline].

9. Casa DJ, McDermott BP, Lee EC, Yeargin SW, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Cold water immersion: the gold standard for exertional heatstroke treatment. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2007 Jul. 35(3):141-9. [Medline].

10. Storm C, Gebker R, Kruger A, Nibbe L, Schefold JC, Martens F, et al. A rare case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome presenting with serious hyperthermia treated with a non-invasive cooling device: a case report. J Med Case Reports. 2009 Feb 16. 3(1):66. [Medline].

11. Axelrod P. External cooling in the management of fever. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Oct. 31 Suppl 5:S224-9. [Medline].

12. Wyndham CH, Strydom NB, Cooke HM, Maritz JS, Morrison JF, Fleming PW, et al. Methods of cooling subjects with hyperpyrexia. J Appl Physiol. 1959 Sep. 14:771-6. [Medline].

13. Plattner O, Kurz A, Sessler DI, Ikeda T, Christensen R, Marder D, et al. Efficacy of intraoperative cooling methods. Anesthesiology. 1997 Nov. 87(5):1089-95. [Medline].

14. McDermott BP, Casa DJ, Ganio MS, Lopez RM, Yeargin SW, Armstrong LE, et al. Acute whole-body cooling for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a systematic review. J Athl Train. 2009 Jan-Feb. 44(1):84-93. [Medline].

15. Smith JE. Cooling methods used in the treatment of exertional heat illness. Br J Sports Med. 2005 Aug. 39 (8):503-7; discussion 507. [Medline].

16. Broessner G, Beer R, Franz G, Lackner P, Engelhardt K, Brenneis C, et al. Case report: severe heat stroke with multiple organ dysfunction - a novel intravascular treatment approach. Crit Care. 2005 Oct 5. 9(5):R498-501. [Medline].

Erik D Schraga, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Laura W Kates, MD Emergency Physician, Swedish Cherry Hill Medical Center, Seattle, WA

Laura W Kates, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, Physicians for Social Responsibility, Wilderness Medical Society, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association, Physicians for Human Rights

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sage W Wiener, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Director of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center

Sage W Wiener, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Medical Toxicology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Luis M Lovato, MD Associate Clinical Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Director of Critical Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Luis M Lovato, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.