Terzolo M, Bovio S, Pia A, Reimondo G, Angeli A. Management of adrenal incidentaloma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr. 23(2):233-43. [Medline].
Yener S, Ertilav S, Secil M, et al. Prospective evaluation of tumor size and hormonal status in adrenal incidentalomas. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010 Jan. 33(1):32-6. [Medline].
Mazzaglia PJ, Monchik JM. Limited value of adrenal biopsy in the evaluation of adrenal neoplasm: a decade of experience. Arch Surg. 2009 May. 144(5):465-70. [Medline].
Kokko JP, Brown TC, Berman MM. Adrenal adenoma and hypertension. Lancet. 1967 Mar 4. 1(7488):468-70. [Medline].
Glazer HS, Weyman PJ, Sagel SS, Levitt RG, McClennan BL. Nonfunctioning adrenal masses: incidental discovery on computed tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982 Jul. 139(1):81-5. [Medline].
Abecassis M, McLoughlin MJ, Langer B, Kudlow JE. Serendipitous adrenal masses: prevalence, significance, and management. Am J Surg. 1985 Jun. 149(6):783-8. [Medline].
Belldegrun A, Hussain S, Seltzer SE, Loughlin KR, Gittes RF, Richie JP. Incidentally discovered mass of the adrenal gland. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1986 Sep. 163(3):203-8. [Medline].
Herrera MF, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Sheedy PF, Ilstrup DM. Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors: an institutional perspective. Surgery. 1991 Dec. 110(6):1014-21. [Medline].
Bovio S, Cataldi A, Reimondo G, et al. Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Apr. 29(4):298-302. [Medline].
Falhammar H, Kjellman M, Calissendorff J. Initial clinical presentation and spectrum of pheochromocytoma: a study of 94 cases from a single center. Endocr Connect. 2018 Jan. 7 (1):186-92. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Terzolo M, Stigliano A, Chiodini I, Loli P, Furlani L, Arnaldi G. AME position statement on adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Jun. 164(6):851-70. [Medline].
Cawood TJ, Hunt PJ, O'Shea D, Cole D, Soule S. Recommended evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas is costly, has high false-positive rates and confers a risk of fatal cancer that is similar to the risk of the adrenal lesion becoming malignant; time for a rethink?. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Oct. 161(4):513-27. [Medline].
Nieman LK. Approach to the patient with an adrenal incidentaloma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Sep. 95(9):4106-13. [Medline].
Patrova J, Jarocka I, Wahrenberg H, Falhammar H. CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMA: EXPERIENCE FROM ONE CENTER. Endocr Pract. 2015 Aug. 21 (8):870-7. [Medline].
Kopetschke R, Slisko M, Kilisli A, Tuschy U, Wallaschofski H, Fassnacht M. Frequent incidental discovery of phaeochromocytoma: data from a German cohort of 201 phaeochromocytoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Aug. 161(2):355-61. [Medline].
Sutton MG, Sheps SG, Lie JT. Prevalence of clinically unsuspected pheochromocytoma. Review of a 50-year autopsy series. Mayo Clin Proc. 1981 Jun. 56(6):354-60. [Medline].
[Guideline] Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, et al. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas. Endocr Pract. 2009 Jul-Aug. 15 Suppl 1:1-20. [Medline].
Lee SM, Lee MN, Oh HJ, Cho YY, Kim JH, Woo HI, et al. Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantification of Plasma Metanephrines for Differential Diagnosis of Adrenal Incidentaloma. Ann Lab Med. 2015 Sep. 35 (5):519-22. [Medline].
Schmitz KJ, Helwig J, Bertram S, et al. Differential expression of microRNA-675, microRNA-139-3p and microRNA-335 in benign and malignant adrenocortical tumours. J Clin Pathol. 2011 Jun. 64(6):529-35. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Chiodini I, Morelli V, Masserini B, Salcuni AS, Eller-Vainicher C, Viti R. Bone mineral density, prevalence of vertebral fractures, and bone quality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas with and without subclinical hypercortisolism: an Italian multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep. 94(9):3207-14. [Medline].
Sereg M, Szappanos A, Toke J, Karlinger K, Feldman K, Kaszper E. Atherosclerotic risk factors and complications in patients with non-functioning adrenal adenomas treated with or without adrenalectomy: a long-term follow-up study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Apr. 160(4):647-55. [Medline].
Morelli V, Eller-Vainicher C, Salcuni AS, Coletti F, Iorio L, Muscogiuri G. Risk of new vertebral fractures in patients with adrenal incidentaloma with and without subclinical hypercortisolism: a multicenter longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Aug. 26(8):1816-21. [Medline].
Toniato A, Merante-Boschin I, Opocher G, Pelizzo MR, Schiavi F, Ballotta E. Surgical versus conservative management for subclinical Cushing syndrome in adrenal incidentalomas: a prospective randomized study. Ann Surg. 2009 Mar. 249(3):388-91. [Medline].
Li L, Yang G, Zhao L, et al. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Adrenal Incidentaloma from a Single Center in China: A Survey. Int J Endocrinol. 2017. 2017:3093290. [Medline].
Mermejo LM, Elias Junior J, Saggioro FP, Tucci Junior S, Castro Md, Moreira AC. Giant adrenal myelolipoma associated with 21-hydroxylase deficiency: unusual association mimicking an androgen-secreting adrenocortical carcinoma. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2010 Jun. 54(4):419-24. [Medline].
Craig WD, Fanburg-Smith JC, Henry LR, Guerrero R, Barton JH. Fat-containing lesions of the retroperitoneum: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2009 Jan-Feb. 29(1):261-90. [Medline].
Kuzu I, Zuhur SS, Ozel A, Ozturk FY, Altuntas Y. IS BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA NECESSARY IN ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES NOT SUGGESTIVE OF PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA?. Endocr Pract. 2016 May. 22 (5):533-9. [Medline].
Groussin L, Bonardel G, Silvera S, Tissier F, Coste J, Abiven G. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors: a prospective study in 77 operated patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 May. 94(5):1713-22. [Medline].
Al-Thani H, El-Menyar A, Al-Sulaiti M, ElGohary H, Al-Malki A, Asim M, et al. Adrenal Mass in Patients who Underwent Abdominal Computed Tomography Examination. N Am J Med Sci. 2015 May. 7 (5):212-9. [Medline].
Bin X, Qing Y, Linhui W, Li G, Yinghao S. Adrenal incidentalomas: experience from a retrospective study in a Chinese population. Urol Oncol. 2011 May-Jun. 29(3):270-4. [Medline].
Boland GW, Lee MJ, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, McNicholas MM, Mueller PR. Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998 Jul. 171(1):201-4. [Medline].
Ho LM, Paulson EK, Brady MJ, Wong TZ, Schindera ST. Lipid-poor adenomas on unenhanced CT: does histogram analysis increase sensitivity compared with a mean attenuation threshold?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Jul. 191(1):234-8. [Medline].
Halefoglu AM, Bas N, Yasar A, Basak M. Differentiation of adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using CT histogram analysis method: a prospective study. Eur J Radiol. 2010 Mar. 73(3):643-51. [Medline].
Krestin GP, Steinbrich W, Friedmann G. Adrenal masses: evaluation with fast gradient-echo MR imaging and Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic studies. Radiology. 1989 Jun. 171(3):675-80. [Medline].
Khati NJ, Javitt MC, Schwartz AM. Adrenal adenoma and hematoma mimicking a collision tumor at MR imaging. Radiographics. 1999 Jan-Feb. 19(1):235-9. [Medline].
Yoh T, Hosono M, Komeya Y, et al. Quantitative evaluation of norcholesterol scintigraphy, CT attenuation value, and chemical-shift MR imaging for characterizing adrenal adenomas. Ann Nucl Med. 2008 Jul. 22(6):513-9. [Medline].
Korobkin M. CT characterization of adrenal masses: the time has come. Radiology. 2000 Dec. 217(3):629-32. [Medline].
Liang HL, Pan HB, Lee YH, et al. Small functional adrenal cortical adenoma: treatment with CT-guided percutaneous acetic acid injection--report of three cases. Radiology. 1999 Nov. 213(2):612-5. [Medline].
Mayo-Smith WW, Boland GW, Noto RB, Lee MJ. State-of-the-art adrenal imaging. Radiographics. 2001 Jul-Aug. 21(4):995-1012. [Medline].
Otal P, Escourrou G, Mazerolles C, et al. Imaging features of uncommon adrenal masses with histopathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1999 May-Jun. 19(3):569-81. [Medline].
Boland GW, Blake MA, Hahn PF, Mayo-Smith WW. Incidental adrenal lesions: principles, techniques, and algorithms for imaging characterization. Radiology. 2008 Dec. 249(3):756-75. [Medline].
Muth A, Hammarstedt L, Hellstrom M, Sigurjonsdottir HA, Almqvist E, Wangberg B. Cohort study of patients with adrenal lesions discovered incidentally. Br J Surg. 2011 Oct. 98(10):1383-91. [Medline].
Canu L, Van Hemert JAW, Kerstens MN, et al. CT Characteristics of Pheochromocytoma: Relevance for the Evaluation of Adrenal Incidentaloma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Feb 1. 104 (2):312-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Buitenwerf E, Berends AMA, van Asselt ADI, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Computed Tomography to Exclude Pheochromocytoma: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Cost Analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019 Oct. 94 (10):2040-52. [Medline].
Hsiao HP, Kirschner LS, Bourdeau I, Keil MF, Boikos SA, Verma S. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity, overlap with other tumor syndromes, and atypical glucocorticoid hormone secretion in adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia compared with other adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Aug. 94(8):2930-7. [Medline].
Mazzaglia PJ, Monchik JM. Limited value of adrenal biopsy in the evaluation of adrenal neoplasm: a decade of experience. Arch Surg. 2009 May. 144(5):465-70. [Medline].
Menegaux F, Chéreau N, Peix JL, Christou N, Lifante JC, Paladino NC, et al. Management of adrenal incidentaloma. J Visc Surg. 2014 Oct. 151 (5):355-64. [Medline].
Dietrich CF, Correas JM, Dong Y, Nolsoe C, Westerway SC, Jenssen C. WFUMB position paper on the management incidental findings: adrenal incidentaloma. Ultrasonography. 2020 Jan. 39 (1):11-21. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Kastelan D, Kraljevic I, Dusek T, Knezevic N, Solak M, Gardijan B, et al. The clinical course of patients with adrenal incidentaloma: is it time to reconsider the current recommendations?. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Aug. 173 (2):275-82. [Medline].
Zeiger MA, Siegelman SS, Hamrahian AH. Medical and surgical evaluation and treatment of adrenal incidentalomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul. 96(7):2004-15. [Medline].
Leboulleux S, Deandreis D, Escourrou C, et al. Fluorodesoxyglucose uptake in the remaining adrenal glands during the follow-up of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma: do not consider it as malignancy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Jan. 164(1):89-94. [Medline].
[Guideline] Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, et al. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Aug. 175 (2):G1-G34. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Berruti A, Baudin E, Gelderblom H, et al. Adrenal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct. 23 Suppl 7:vii131-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2010.
Fassnacht M, Johanssen S, Quinkler M, et al. Limited prognostic value of the 2004 International Union Against Cancer staging classification for adrenocortical carcinoma: proposal for a Revised TNM Classification. Cancer. 2009 Jan 15. 115 (2):243-50. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Neuroendocrine Tumors, Version 2.2016. NCCN. May 25, 2016;
Homogeneous, well-defined, 7-HU ovoid mass is seen in the right adrenal gland; this finding is diagnostic of a benign adrenal incidentaloma.
