What is the role of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI in acute stroke imaging?

Answer

Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) measured by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is considered the criterion standard for imaging the ischemic penumbra in acute ischemic stroke. Until now, MR diffusion-perfusion imaging has been the only MR technique that measures this reversibly damaged brain area.

Blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) MRI is a technique that can be used to detect deoxyhemoglobin in the cerebral capillaries and veins as an MRI indicator of brain OEF.^[4]Evidence suggests that BOLD MRI might provide a better estimation of the ischemic penumbra in acute ischemic stroke compared with MR diffusion-perfusion mismatch.

Resting state functional connectivity (FC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (R-fMRI) measures, within a subject, the temporal correlation of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal across regions without any imposed task, providing a measure of temporal coherence of activity between brain regions. In a pilot study, we found that patients who received intravenous thrombolysis showed changes in resting state networks and functional outcomes over time. These findings point to an intriguing possibility that the improvement of resting state networks may reflect improved efficiency of brain activity that is potentially related to functional outcomes in acute stroke patients.^[5]

Further validation of these techniques is required to confirm their clinical value in imaging of acute ischemic stroke.

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Media Gallery

Magnetic resonance imaging in acute stroke. Left: Diffusion-weighted MRI in acute ischemic stroke performed 35 minutes after symptom onset. Right: Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map obtained from the same patient at the same time.
Magnetic resonance imaging in acute stroke. Left: Perfusion-weighted MRI of a patient who presented 1 hour after onset of stroke symptoms. Right: Mean transfer time (MTT) map of the same patient.
Magnetic resonance imaging in acute stroke. Diffusion-perfusion mismatch in acute ischemic stroke. The perfusion abnormality (right) is larger than the diffusion abnormality (left), indicating the ischemic penumbra, which is at risk of infarction.
The diffusion-weighted MRI reveals a region of hypointensity in the distribution of the right middle cerebral artery. Flanking the anterior and posterior regions of this abnormality are regions of hyperintensities, which represent regions of new infarct. The contiguity of these regions suggests that they are extensions of the old infarct.

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Author

Souvik Sen, MD, MPH, MS, FAHA Professor and Chair, Department of Neurology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine

Souvik Sen, MD, MPH, MS, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, Association for Patient-Oriented Research, American Heart Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Amar Anand, MD Resident Physician, Department of Neurology, Palmetto Health, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

Amar Anand, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Student Association/Foundation, American College of Physicians, American Academy of Neurology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Helmi L Lutsep, MD Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine; Associate Director, OHSU Stroke Center

Helmi L Lutsep, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Stroke Association

Disclosure: Medscape Neurology Editorial Advisory Board for: Stroke Adjudication Committee, CREST2; Physician Advisory Board for Coherex Medical; National Leader and Steering Committee Clinical Trial, Bristol Myers Squibb; Abbott Laboratories, advisory group.

Acknowledgements

Draga Jichici, MD, FRCP, FAHA Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Neurology and Critical Care Medicine, McMaster University School of Medicine, Canada

Draga Jichici, MD, FRCP, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, Canadian Congress of Neurological Sciences, Canadian Congress of Neurological Sciences, Canadian Congress of Neurological Sciences, Canadian Critical Care Society, Canadian Medical Protective Association, Canadian Neurocritical Care Society, Neurocritical Care Society, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and Society of Critical Care Medicine (USA)

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Howard S Kirshner, MD Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry and Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vice Chairman, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Director, Vanderbilt Stroke Center; Program Director, Stroke Service, Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Hospital; Consulting Staff, Department of Neurology, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Howard S Kirshner, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Neurological Association, American Society of Neurorehabilitation, National Stroke Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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