Lipton RB, Bigal ME. Migraine: epidemiology, impact, and risk factors for progression. Headache. 2005 Apr. 45 Suppl 1:S3-S13. [Medline].
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018 Jan. 38 (1):1-211. [Medline].
Cutrer FM, O'Donnell A, Sanchez del Rio M. Functional neuroimaging: enhanced understanding of migraine pathophysiology. Neurology. 2000. 55(9 Suppl 2):S36-45. [Medline].
Goadsby PJ. Migraine pathophysiology. Headache. 2005 Apr. 45 Suppl 1:S14-24. [Medline].
Lagman-Bartolome AM, Lay C. Pediatric migraine variants: a review of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015 Jun. 15 (6):34. [Medline].
Evers S, Bahra A, Goadsby PJ. Coincidence of familial hemiplegic migraine and hemicrania continua? A case report. Cephalalgia. 1999 Jun. 19(5):533-5. [Medline].
Feely MP, O'Hare J, Veale D, Callaghan N. Episodes of acute confusion or psychosis in familial hemiplegic migraine. Acta Neurol Scand. 1982 Apr. 65(4):369-75. [Medline].
Hayashi R, Tachikawa H, Watanabe R, Honda M, Katsumata Y. Familial hemiplegic migraine with irreversible brain damage. Intern Med. 1998 Feb. 37(2):166-8. [Medline].
Kors EE, Melberg A, Vanmolkot KR, Kumlien E, Haan J, Raininko R, et al. Childhood epilepsy, familial hemiplegic migraine, cerebellar ataxia, and a new CACNA1A mutation. Neurology. 2004 Sep 28. 63(6):1136-7. [Medline].
Spacey SD, Vanmolkot KR, Murphy C, van den Maagdenberg AM, Hsiung RG. Familial hemiplegic migraine presenting as recurrent encephalopathy in a Native Indian family. Headache. 2005 Oct. 45(9):1244-9. [Medline].
Spranger M, Spranger S, Schwab S, Benninger C, Dichgans M. Familial hemiplegic migraine with cerebellar ataxia and paroxysmal psychosis. Eur Neurol. 1999. 41(3):150-2. [Medline].
Barbour PJ, Castaldo JE, Shoemaker EI. Hemiplegic migraine during pregnancy: unusual magnetic resonance appearance with SPECT scan correlation. Headache. 2001 Mar. 41(3):310-6. [Medline].
Benatar M, Ford CC. Familial hemiplegic migraine: more than just a headache. Neurology. 2005 Feb 22. 64(4):592-3. [Medline].
Butteriss DJ, Ramesh V, Birchall D. Serial MRI in a case of familial hemiplegic migraine. Neuroradiology. 2003 May. 45(5):300-3. [Medline].
Crawford JS, Konkol RJ. Familial hemiplegic migraine with crossed cerebellar diaschisis and unilateral meningeal enhancement. Headache. 1997 Oct. 37(9):590-3. [Medline].
Koenderink JB, Zifarelli G, Qiu LY, Schwarz W, De Pont JJ, Bamberg E, et al. Na,K-ATPase mutations in familial hemiplegic migraine lead to functional inactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 15. 1669(1):61-8. [Medline].
Wieser T, Mueller C, Evers S, Zierz S, Deufel T. Absence of known familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) mutations in the CACNA1A gene in patients with common migraine: implications for genetic testing. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003 Mar. 41(3):272-5. [Medline].
May A, Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Urban C, van Eijk R, Haan J, et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine locus on 19p13 is involved in the common forms of migraine with and without aura. Hum Genet. 1995 Nov. 96(5):604-8. [Medline].
Barrett CF, Cao YQ, Tsien RW. Gating deficiency in a familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mutant P/Q-type calcium channel. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 24. 280(25):24064-71. [Medline].
Beauvais K, Cavé-Riant F, De Barace C, Tardieu M, Tournier-Lasserve E, Furby A. New CACNA1A gene mutation in a case of familial hemiplegic migraine with status epilepticus. Eur Neurol. 2004. 52(1):58-61. [Medline].
Brugnoni R, Leone M, Rigamonti A, Moranduzzo E, Cornelio F, Mantegazza R, et al. Is the CACNA1A gene involved in familial migraine with aura?. Neurol Sci. 2002 Apr. 23(1):1-5. [Medline].
Kraus RL, Sinnegger MJ, Koschak A, Glossmann H, Stenirri S, Carrera P, et al. Three new familial hemiplegic migraine mutants affect P/Q-type Ca(2+) channel kinetics. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 31. 275(13):9239-43. [Medline].
Melliti K, Grabner M, Seabrook GR. The familial hemiplegic migraine mutation R192Q reduces G-protein-mediated inhibition of P/Q-type (Ca(V)2.1) calcium channels expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. J Physiol. 2003 Jan 15. 546:337-47. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Familial hemiplegic migraine: involvement of a calcium neuronal channel. Neurologia. 1997 Dec. 12 Suppl 5:31-7. [Medline].
Ambrosini A, D'Onofrio M, Grieco GS, Di Mambro A, Montagna G, Fortini D, et al. Familial basilar migraine associated with a new mutation in the ATP1A2 gene. Neurology. 2005 Dec 13. 65(11):1826-8. [Medline].
Gardner K. The genetic basis of migraine: how much do we know?. Can J Neurol Sci. 1999 Nov. 26 Suppl 3:S37-43. [Medline].
Jurkat-Rott K, Freilinger T, Dreier JP, Herzog J, Göbel H, Petzold GC, et al. Variability of familial hemiplegic migraine with novel A1A2 Na+/K+-ATPase variants. Neurology. 2004 May 25. 62(10):1857-61. [Medline].
Marconi R, De Fusco M, Aridon P, Plewnia K, Rossi M, Carapelli S, et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 is linked to 0.9Mb region on chromosome 1q23. Ann Neurol. 2003 Mar. 53(3):376-81. [Medline].
Vanmolkot KR, Babini E, de Vries B, Stam AH, Freilinger T, Terwindt GM, et al. The novel p.L1649Q mutation in the SCN1A epilepsy gene is associated with familial hemiplegic migraine: genetic and functional studies. Mutation in brief #957. Online. Hum Mutat. 2007 May. 28(5):522. [Medline].
Guedj E, Belenotti P, Serratrice J, Ene N, Pineau S, Donnet A, et al. Partially reversible cortical metabolic dysfunction in familial hemiplegic migraine with prolonged aura. Headache. 2010 May. 50(5):872-7. [Medline].
Haan J, Kors EE, Terwindt GM, Vermeulen FL, Vergouwe MN, van den Maagdenberg AM, et al. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: no mutations in the familial hemiplegic migraine CACNA1A gene. Cephalalgia. 2000 Oct. 20(8):696-700. [Medline].
Swoboda KJ, Kanavakis E, Xaidara A, Johnson JE, Leppert MF, Schlesinger-Massart MB, et al. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood or familial hemiplegic migraine? A novel ATP1A2 mutation. Ann Neurol. 2004 Jun. 55(6):884-7. [Medline].
Lance JW. Is alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) a variant of migraine?. Cephalalgia. 2000 Oct. 20(8):685. [Medline].
Alsup S, Fogelson MH. Alternating hemiplegic migraine in childhood. J Neurosci Nurs. 1991 Dec. 23(6):381-5. [Medline].
Kors EE, Vanmolkot KR, Haan J, Kheradmand Kia S, Stroink H, Laan LA, et al. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: no mutations in the second familial hemiplegic migraine gene ATP1A2. Neuropediatrics. 2004 Oct. 35(5):293-6. [Medline].
Black DF. Sporadic and familial hemiplegic migraine: diagnosis and treatment. Semin Neurol. 2006 Apr. 26(2):208-16. [Medline].
Black DF. Sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2004 Jun. 8(3):223-8. [Medline].
Thomsen LL, Olesen J. Sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2004 Dec. 24(12):1016-23. [Medline].
Dora B, Balkan S. Sporadic hemiplegic migraine and Sturge-Weber syndrome. Headache. 2001 Feb. 41(2):209-10. [Medline].
Fournier JA, Fernández-Cortacero JA, Granado C, Gascón D. Familial migraine and coronary artery spasm in two siblings. Clin Cardiol. 1986 Mar. 9(3):121-5. [Medline].
Athwal BS, Lennox GG. Acetazolamide responsiveness in familial hemiplegic migraine. Ann Neurol. 1996 Nov. 40(5):820-1. [Medline].
Kuhn WF, Kuhn SC, Daylida L. Basilar migraine. Eur J Emerg Med. 1997 Mar. 4(1):33-8. [Medline].
Lapkin ML, Golden GS. Basilar artery migraine. A review of 30 cases. Am J Dis Child. 1978 Mar. 132(3):278-81. [Medline].
La Spina I. Basilar artery migraine: transcranial Doppler EEG and SPECT from the aura phase to the end. Headache. 1997. 37(1):43-7.
Evans RW, Linder SL. Management of basilar migraine. Headache. 2002 May. 42(5):383-4. [Medline].
Catto-Smith AG, Ranuh R. Abdominal migraine and cyclical vomiting. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2003 Nov. 12(4):254-8. [Medline].
Crevits L, Bosman T. Migraine-related vertigo: towards a distinctive entity. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005 Feb. 107(2):82-7. [Medline].
Cupini LM, Santorelli FM, Iani C, Fariello G, Calabresi P. Cyclic vomiting syndrome, migraine, and epilepsy: a common underlying disorder?. Headache. 2003 Apr. 43(4):407-9. [Medline].
Gupta VK. Cyclic vomiting syndrome: anticipatory stress response in migraine?. Headache. 2004 Jan. 44(1):106-7. [Medline].
Li BU. Cyclic vomiting syndrome: age-old syndrome and new insights. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2001 Mar. 8(1):13-21. [Medline].
Olson AD, Li BU. The diagnostic evaluation of children with cyclic vomiting: a cost-effectiveness assessment. J Pediatr. 2002 Nov. 141(5):724-8. [Medline].
d'Onofrio F, Cologno D, Buzzi MG, Petretta V, Caltagirone C, Casucci G, et al. Adult abdominal migraine: a new syndrome or sporadic feature of migraine headache? A case report. Eur J Neurol. 2006 Jan. 13(1):85-8. [Medline].
Kothare SV. Efficacy of flunarizine in the prophylaxis of cyclical vomiting syndrome and abdominal migraine. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2005. 9(1):23-6. [Medline].
Blau JN, MacGregor EA. Retinal migraine. Lancet. 1993 Nov 6. 342(8880):1185. [Medline].
Pradhan S, Chung SM. Retinal, ophthalmic, or ocular migraine. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2004 Sep. 4(5):391-7. [Medline].
Doyle E, Vote BJ, Casswell AG. Retinal migraine: caught in the act. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Feb. 88(2):301-2. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Evans RW, Daroff RB. Expert opinion: monocular visual aura with headache: retinal migraine?. Headache. 2000 Jul-Aug. 40(7):603-4. [Medline].
Grosberg BM, Solomon S, Lipton RB. Retinal migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2005 Aug. 9(4):268-71. [Medline].
Appleton R, Farrell K, Buncic JR, Hill A. Amaurosis fugax in teenagers. A migraine variant. Am J Dis Child. 1988 Mar. 142(3):331-3. [Medline].
Killer HE, Forrer A, Flammer J. Retinal vasospasm during an attack of migraine. Retina. 2003 Apr. 23(2):253-4. [Medline].
Tourbah A, Mas JL, Baron JC, Bousser MG. Complicated migraine, migrainous infarction ... or what?. Headache. 1988 Nov. 28(10):689. [Medline].
Gladstone JP, Dodick DW. Migraine and cerebral white matter lesions: when to suspect cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Neurologist. 2005 Jan. 11(1):19-29. [Medline].
Agostoni E, Aliprandi A. The complications of migraine with aura. Neurol Sci. 2006 May. 27 Suppl 2:S91-5. [Medline].
Glenn AM, Shaw PJ, Howe JW, Bates D. Complicated migraine resulting in blindness due to bilateral retinal infarction. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992 Mar. 76(3):189-90. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Milligan TA, Bromfield E. A case of "migralepsy". Epilepsia. 2005. 46 Suppl 10:2-6. [Medline].
Friedenberg S, Dodick DW. Migraine-associated seizure: a case of reversible MRI abnormalities and persistent nondominant hemisphere syndrome. Headache. 2000 Jun. 40(6):487-90. [Medline].
Mateo I, Foncea N, Vicente I, Gómez Beldarrain M, Garcia-Monco JC. Migraine-associated seizures with recurrent and reversible magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. Headache. 2004 Mar. 44(3):265-70. [Medline].
Nezu A, Kimura S, Ohtsuki N, Tanaka M, Takebayashi S. Acute confusional migraine and migrainous infarction in childhood. Brain Dev. 1997 Mar. 19(2):148-51. [Medline].
Ossipova VV, Kolosova OA, Vein AM. Migraine associated with panic attacks. Cephalalgia. 1999 Oct. 19(8):728-31. [Medline].
Sheth RD, Riggs JE, Bodensteiner JB. Acute confusional migraine: variant of transient global amnesia. Pediatr Neurol. 1995 Feb. 12(2):129-31. [Medline].
Kitamura K, Kudo Y. Benign recurrent vertigo in Japanese. Auris Nasus Larynx. 1990. 17(4):211-6. [Medline].
Thakar A, Anjaneyulu C, Deka RC. Vertigo syndromes and mechanisms in migraine. J Laryngol Otol. 2001 Oct. 115(10):782-7. [Medline].
Tomsak RL, Jergens PB. Benign recurrent transient monocular blindness: a possible variant of acephalgic migraine. Headache. 1987 Feb. 27(2):66-9. [Medline].
Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012 Apr 24. 78 (17):1337-45. [Medline].
Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012 Apr 24. 78 (17):1346-53. [Medline].
Orr SL, Friedman BW, Christie S, Minen MT, Bamford C, Kelley NE, et al. Management of Adults With Acute Migraine in the Emergency Department: The American Headache Society Evidence Assessment of Parenteral Pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2016 Jun. 56 (6):911-40. [Medline].
Silberstein S. The Management of Adults With Acute Migraine in the Emergency Department. Headache. 2016 Jun. 56 (6):907-8. [Medline].
American Headache Society. The American Headache Society Position Statement On Integrating New Migraine Treatments Into Clinical Practice. Headache. 2019 Jan. 59 (1):1-18. [Medline].
[Guideline] Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004. 24 Suppl 1:9-160. [Medline].
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia. 2013 Jul. 33 (9):629-808. [Medline].
Anderson P. New Headache Classification System Published. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/807334. . July 03, 2013; Accessed: July 15, 2013.
Weiss AH, Phillips JO. Ophthalmoplegic migraine. Pediatr Neurol 2004. 2006. 30(1):64-6.
Ferrante E. Ophthalmoplegic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2006 Mar. 26(3):357; author reply 357-8. [Medline].
Lee TG, Choi WS, Chung KC. Ophthalmoplegic migraine with reversible enhancement of intraparenchymal abducens nerve on MRI. Headache. 2002 Feb. 42(2):140-1. [Medline].
Levin M, Ward TN. Ophthalmoplegic migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2004 Aug. 8(4):306-9. [Medline].
Doran M, Larner AJ. MRI findings in ophthalmoplegic migraine: nosological implications. J Neurol. 2004 Jan. 251(1):100-1. [Medline].