University of Iowa College of Medicine, 1998

SOURCE: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. 1998 June (revised 2000 June).

Circulation 1997;96:2751-2753

SOURCE: American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee, April 1998

Circulation 1998;97:1876-1887

Over the past 25 years, the United States has experienced a steady decline in the age-adjusted death toll from cardiovascular disease (CVD), primarily in mortality caused by coronary heart disease and stroke.
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, 1995

SOURCE: United States Preventive Services Task Force. 2001.

SOURCE: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. 1995 Nov 1 (reviewed 2000).

SOURCE: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, 1996.

Although the number of chronic VAIs in acute care hospitals is small relative to the total number of patients receiving mechanical ventilation, VAIs consume a disproportionate share of health-care expenditures and occupy ICU beds for prolonged periods. VAIs, therefore, pose a unique set of questions for the health-care team.
SOURCE: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement, 1998

Nutrition support is a routine part of ICU therapy. It is recommended to treat and prevent malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies and generally benefits patient outcomes, although adverse effects and complications of the therapy do occur. Because a large number of clinical studies of applied nutrition have been performed in ICU patients, a consensus panel was commissioned to summarize current knowledge and formulate recommendations.
SOURCE: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement, 1997

SOURCE: American College of Chest Physicians. 2000.

CHEST. Volume 119/Number 1 Supplement/January, 2001.

SOURCE: United States Preventive Services Task Force. 1996.

SOURCE: American Diabetes Association. 2000.

This is an update of a previously published guideline summary.
SOURCE: American Diabetes Association. (revised 1999; republished 2000.

SOURCE: American Diabetes Association, 2001.

SOURCE: American Diabetes Association. 1997 (revised 1999; republished 2000 Jan).

This is an update of a previously published guideline summary.
SOURCE: American Diabetes Association. 2000

Am Fam Physician January 1, 1998

Approximately one-third of patients with mucosal ulcerative colitis will undergo operative treatment. An operation can be indicated either to treat the complications of the disease or because the symptoms of the disease cannot be adequately controlled with medical therapy. A variety of surgical options exists in both the acute and elective setting. Each operation has advantages and disadvantages. This document has been based on a review of the currently available data.
SOURCE: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, 1997

SOURCE: Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Inc. 1998 Jun 3 (revised 2000 Jan)

SOURCE: College of American Pathologists. 2000 Jan.

To achieve a sustained reduction in hepatitis A rates, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has published these revisions to the 1996 recommendations.
SOURCE: MMWR. October 01, 1999 / 48(RR12);1-37

The recommendations in this report provide broader guidelines for a) preventing transmission of HCV; b) identifying, counseling, and testing persons at risk for HCV infection; and c) providing appropriate medical evaluation and management of HCV-infected persons.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control, 1998

This report describes 10 steps for evaluation and management of suspected serogroup C meningococcal disease outbreaks. The principles described also apply to suspected outbreaks caused by meningococcal serogroups A, Y, and W-135.
SOURCE: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 1997

This report provides additional information regarding meningococcal vaccines and the addition of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone as acceptable alternatives to rifampin for chemoprophylaxis in selected populations.
SOURCE: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 1997

This report updates the 2000 recommendations issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents.
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001

SOURCE: American Diabetes Association, 2001.

SOURCE: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology. 1997 (revised 1998).

SOURCE: Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U.S.). 1998.

This report contains updated information regarding a) antimicrobial resistance among pneumococci, b) vaccine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, c) indications for vaccination, d) guidelines for revaccination, e) strategies for improving delivery of vaccine, and f) development of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
SOURCE: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 1997

This document updates and replaces CDC's previously published 'Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia.'
SOURCE: National Center for Infectious Diseases and Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 1997

The recommendations contained in this report update and expand previously published recommendations for preventing and controlling tuberculosis (TB) in correctional facilities (MMWR 1989;38:313-20, 325).
SOURCE: Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, 1996

The objective of this conference was to review and analyze the risk of TB transmission in health-care facilities today, and the means available for protecting workers, patients, and visitors from the perspective of clinicians who have worked closely with the disease over the years.
SOURCE: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement, 1995

Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism constitute major health problems that result in significant morbidity and mortality in the United States.
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, 1986

Cough can (a) be an important defense mechanism to help clear excessive secretions and foreign material from airways; (b) be an important factor in the spread of infection; (c)maintain consciousness during potentially lethal arrhythmias and/or convert arrhythmias to more normal cardiac rhythms; and (d) present as one of the most common symptoms for which patients seek medical attention and spend health-care dollars.
SOURCE: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement, 1998

SOURCE: American College of Chest Physicians. 1998

SOURCE: World Health Organization (WHO) - International Agency and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.)

SOURCE: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine/American College of Chest Physicians. 2001, Apr 3.

SOURCE: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine

SOURCE: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine

SOURCE: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine

SOURCE: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine

SOURCE: American Urological Association, Inc.1999.