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References for:
Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome-One Decade Later

[Curr Opin Pulm Med 10(6):461-467, 2004. © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]

Papers of particular interest, published within the annual period of review, have been highlighted as:

* Of special interest
** Of outstanding interest

  1. Guilleminault C, Winkle R, Korobkin R, et al.: Children and nocturnal snoring: evaluation of the effects of sleep related respiratory resistive load and daytime functioning. Eur J Pediatr 1982, 139:165-171.
  2. Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Clerk A, et al.: A cause of daytime sleepiness: the upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest 1993, 104:781-787.
  3. Douglas NJ: Upper airway resistance syndrome is not a distinct syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:1413-1416.
  4. Exar EN, Collop NA: The upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest 1999, 115:1127-1139.
  5. Guilleminault C, Khramtsov A: Upper airway resistance syndrome in children: a clinical review. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2001, 8:207-215.
  6. Gastaut H, Tassinari CA, Duron B: Polygraphic study of diurnal and nocturnal (hypnic and respiratory) episodic manifestations of Pickwick syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1965, 112:568-579.
  7. Jung R, Kuhlo W: Neurophysiological studies of abnormal night sleep and the pickwickian syndrome. Prog Brain Res 1965, 18:140-159.
  8. Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Kim YD, et al.: Upper airway sleep disordered breathing in women. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122:493-501.
  9. Virkkula P, Silvola J, Maasilta P, et al.: Esophageal pressure monitoring in detection of sleep-disordered breathing. Laryngoscope 2002, 112:1264-1270.
  10. Norman RG, Ahmed MM, Walslebel JA, et al.: Detection of respiratory events during NPSG: nasal cannula/pressure sensor versus thermistor. Sleep 1997, 20:1175-1184.
  11. Edstrom L, Larson H, Larson L: Neurogenic effects on the palatopharyngeal muscle in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a muscle biopsy study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992, 55:916-920.
  12. Friberg D, Answed T, Borg K: Histological indications of a progressive snorer disease in upper airway muscle. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157:586-593.
    ** Demonstration of development of local polyneuropathies with OSAS (see note,[13**])
  13. Friberg D, Gazelius B, Holfelt T, et al.: Abnormal afferent nerve endings in the soft palatal mucosa of sleep apnoics and habitual snorers. Regul Pept 1997, 71:29-36.
    ** These two references[12**,13**] demonstrate the presence of local neurologic lesions at the palatal level in OSAS.
  14. Henderson LA, Woo MA, MaCey PM, et al.: Neural responses during Valsalva maneuvers in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Appl Physiol 2002, 94:1063-1074.
  15. Woodson BT, Garancia J, Toohill RJ: Histopathologic changes in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 1991, 101:1318-1332.
  16. Series F, Simoneau JA, St Pierre S, et al.: Characteristics of the genioglossus and musculus uvulae in sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and in snorers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 153:1870-1874.
  17. Kimoff RJ, Sforza E, Champagne V, et al.: Upper airway sensation in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:250-255.
    * Presence of local sensory impairment in OSA (see note,[18**]).
  18. Guilleminault C, Li K, Chen NH, et al.: Two-point palatal discrimination in patients with upper airway resistance syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and normal control subjects. Chest 2002, 122:866-870.
    ** Absence of sensory impairment in UARS, but presence in OSAS.
  19. Afifi L, Guilleminault C, Colrain I: Sleep and respiratory stimulus specific dampening of cortical responsiveness in OSAS. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2003, 136:221-234.
    ** Abnormal evoked cortical response during sleep to local upper airway stimulation but normal auditory evoked response in OSAS.
  20. Petrof BJ, Hendrick JC, Pack AI: Does upper airway muscle injury trigger a vicious cycle in obstructive sleep apnea? a hypothesis. Sleep 1996, 19:465-471.
  21. Chen W, Kushida CA: Nasal obstruction in sleep-disordered breathing. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2003, 36:437-460.
    * UARS related to nasal obstruction.
  22. Gold AR, Marcus CL, Dipalo F, et al.: Upper airway collapsibility during sleep in upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest 2002, 121:1531-1540.
  23. Gold AR, Dipalo F, Gold MS, et al.: Inspiratory airflow dynamics during sleep in women with fibromyalgia. Sleep 2004, 27:459-466.
  24. Woodson BT: Expiratory pharyngeal airway obstruction during sleep: a multiple element model. Laryngoscope 2003, 113:1450-1459.
  25. Terzano MG, Parrino L, Chervin R, et al.: Atlas, rules and recording techniques for the scoring of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep. Sleep Med 2001, 2:537-554.
    ** Definitive text on scoring of CAPs during sleep and explaining the importance of CAPs to recognize abnormal sleep visually even without visually scoring β EEG arousal.
  26. Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association: EEG arousals: scoring rules and examples: a preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Sleep 1992, 15:173-184.
  27. Guilleminault C, Bassiri A: Clinical features and evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and the upper airway resistance syndrome. In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Edn 4. Edited by Kriger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2004. Clinical presentation of OSAS and UARS with examples of craniofacial presentations and clinical scales to define patients.
    * Clinical presentation of OSAS and UARS with examples of craniofacial presentations and clinical scales to define patients.
  28. Guilleminault C, Palombini L, Poyares D, et al.: Chronic insomnia, post menopausal women, and SDB, part 2: comparison of non drug treatment trials in normal breathing and UARS post menopausal women complaining of insomnia. J Psychosom Res 2002, 53:617-623.* Upper airway resistance syndrome induces sleep-onset insomnia.
  29. Guilleminault C, Kirisoglu C, Palombini L, et al.: Continuous NREM sleep state instability in sleepwalking. J Sleep Res 2004, in press.
  30. Gold AR, Dipalo F, Gold MS, et al.: The symptoms and signs of upper airway resistance syndrome: a link to the functional somatic syndromes. Chest 2003, 123:87-95.
    ** Patients with UARS have different symptomatology than patients with OSAS.
  31. Lewin DS, Pinto MD: Sleep disorders and ADHD: shared and common phenotypes. Sleep 2004, 27:188-189.
  32. Guilleminault C, Faul JL, Stoohs R: Sleep-disordered breathing and hypotension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:1242-1247.
  33. Guilleminault C, Khramtsov A, Stoohs RA, et al.: Abnormal blood pressure in prepubertal children with sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatr Res 2004, 55:76-84.
    * Children and adults with UARS have low blood pressure, dominance of vagal tone, and mild signs of orthostatism in approximately one fourth of cases.
  34. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, et al.: Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1378-1384.
  35. Guerrero M, Lepler L, Kristo D: The upper airway resistance syndrome masquerading as nocturnal asthma and successfully treated with an oral appliance. Sleep Breath 2001, 5:93-96.
  36. Resta O, Barbaro MPF, Bonfitto P, et al.: Low sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in obese patients without obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. J Intern Med 2003, 253:536-543.
  37. Loube DI, Andrada T, Howard RS: Accuracy of respiratory inductive plethysmography for the diagnosis of upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest 1999, 115:1333-1337.
  38. Epstein MD, Chicoine SA, Hanumara RC: Detection of upper airway resistance syndrome using a nasal cannula/pressure transducer. Chest 2000, 117:1073-1077.
    * Use of nasal cannula for investigation of UARS.
  39. Ayap I, Norman RG, Krieger AC, et al.: Non-invasive detection of respiratory effort-related arousals (RERAs) by a nasal cannula/pressure transducer system. Sleep 2000, 23:763-771. Polygraphic patterns of flow limitation in polysomnograms.
    * Polygraphic patterns of flow limitation in polysomnograms.
  40. Serebrisky D, Cordero R, Mandeli J, et al.: Assessment of inspiratory flow limitation in children with sleep-disordered breathing by a nasal cannula pressure transducer system. Pediatr Pulmonol 2002, 33:380-387.
    * Importance of systematic use of nasal cannula/pressure transducer to recognize UARS in adults and children.
  41. Guilleminault C, Poyares D, Palombini L, et al.: Variability of respiratory effort in relationship with sleep stages in normal controls and upper airway resistance syndrome patients. Sleep Med 2001, 2:397-406.
    * Definitions of nonapneic SDB pattern with Pes.
  42. Black J, Guilleminault C, Colrain I, et al.: Upper airway resistance syndrome: central EEG power and changes in breathing effort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 162:406-411.
    ** Difference between EEG activation and EEG arousal with abnormal increase respiratory effort during sleep.
  43. Stoohs RA, Blum HC, Knaack L, et al.: Non-invasive estimation of esophageal pressure based on intercostal EMG monitoring. IEEE J 2004, in press.
    ** A potential noninvasive way to indicate increased respiratory effort during sleep.
  44. Nanba S, Ohsaki R, Shiomi T: Apparatus and method for electronically predicting pleural pressure from pulse wave signals. United States Patent Application Publication 2002, US2002/0143261 A1.
    ** How to measure respiratory effort during sleep without using esophageal pressure.
  45. Guilleminault C, Kim YD, Chowdhuri S, et al.: Sleep and daytime sleepiness in upper airway resistance syndrome compared to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eur Respir J 2001, 17:1-10.
    * Differences in spectral analysis of all-night sleep EEG among UARS, OSAS, and controls.
  46. Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Rosa A, et al.: Arousal, EEG spectral power and pulse transit time in UARS and mild OSAS subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 2002, 113:1598-1606.
    * Difference in pulse transit time between UARS and OSAS.
  47. Chervin RD, Burns JW, Subotic NS, et al.: Correlates of respiratory cycle-related EEG changes in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 2004, 27:116-121.
  48. Krakow B, Melendrez D, Lee SA, et al.: Refractory insomnia and sleep-disordered breathing: a pilot study. Sleep Breath 2004, 8:15-29.
    * Upper airway resistance syndrome is a common cause of chronic insomnia.
  49. Yoshida K: Oral device therapy for the upper airway resistance syndrome patient. J Prodthet Dent 2002, 87:427-430.
    * Dental appliance may help patients with UARS.
  50. Powell N, Riley R, Guilleminault C, et al.: A reversible uvulopalatal flap for snoring and sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 1996, 19:593-599.
    *Uvulo-flap is better than Uvulo-palato-pharyngo-plasty (UPPP).
  51. Pirelli P, Saponara M, Guilleminault C: Rapid maxillary expansion in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 2004, 27:761-766.
    ** A complementary treatment of SDB in children.
  52. Guilleminault C, Li KK: Maxillomandibular expansion for the treatment of sleep-disordered breathing: preliminary result. Laryngoscope 2004, 114:893-896.
    * A surgical treatment of UARS.
  53. Section on Pediatric Pulmonology: Subcommittee on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome, American Academy of Pediatrics: Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics 2002, 109:704-712.
    ** Any child who snores regularly must be investigated.