Medscape www.medscape.com

References for:
Hazards of Healthy Living: Bottled Water and Salad Vegetables as Risk Factors for Campylobacter Infection

[Emerg Infect Dis 9(10):1219-1225, 2003. © 2003 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)]


  1. Allos BM. Campylobacter jejuni infections: update on emerging issues and trends. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1201-6.
  2. Public Health Laboratory Service. Laboratory reports of Campylobacter spp., England and Wales 1986-2001. [accessed July 16, 2003] Available from: URL: http://www.phls.org.uk/topics_az/campylo/data_faecal_ew.htm
  3. Wheeler JG, Sethi D, Cowden JM, Wall PG, Rodrigues LC, Tompkins DS, et al. on behalf of the Infections Intestinal Disease Study Executive. Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. BMJ 1999;318:1046-50.
  4. Pebody RG, Ryan MJ, Wall PG. Outbreaks of campylobacter infection: rare events for a common pathogen. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1997;7:R33-7.
  5. Frost JA, Gillespie IA, O'Brien SJ. Public health implications of campylobacter outbreaks in England and Wales, 1995-9: epidemiological and microbiological investigations. Epidemiol Infect 2002;128:111-8.
  6. Neal KR, Slack RC. The autumn peak in campylobacter gastroenteritis. Are the risk factors the same for travel- and UK-acquired campylobacter infections? J Public Health Med 1995;17:98-102.
  7. Rodrigues LC, Cowen JM, Wheeler JG, Sethi D, Wall PG, Cumberland P, et al. The study of infectious intestinal disease in England: risk factors for cases of infectious intestinal disease with Campylobacter jejuni infection. Epidemiol Infect 2001;127:185-93.
  8. Adak GK, Cowden JM, Nicholas S, Evans HS. The Public Health Laboratory Service national case-control study of primary indigenous campylobacter gastroenteritis: case-control study. Epidemiol Infect 1995;115:15-22.
  9. Neal KR, Slack RC. Diabetes mellitus, anti-secretory drugs and other risk factors for campylobacter gastro-enteritis in adults: a case-control study. Epidemiol Infect 1997:119:307-11.
  10. Lighton LL, Kasczmarski EB, Jones DM. A study of risk factors for campylobacter infection in late spring. Public Health 1991;105:199-203.
  11. Greenland S, Drescher K. Maximum likelihood estimates of attributable fraction from logistic models. Biometrics 1993;49:865-72.
  12. Hopkins RS, Olmsted R, Istre GR. Endemic Campylobacter jejuni in Colorado: identified risk factors. Am J Public Health 1984;74:249-50.
  13. Harris NV, Weiss NS, Nolan CM. The role of poultry and meats in the etiology of Campylobacter jejuni/coli enteritis. Am J Public Health 1986;76:407-11.
  14. Deming MS, Tauxe RV, Blake PA, Dixon SE, Fowler BS, Jones TS, et al. Campylobacter enteritis at a university: transmission from eating chicken and from cats. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126:526-34.
  15. Effler P, Ieong M-C, Kimura A, Nakata M, Burr R, Cremer E, et al. Sporadic Campylobacter jejuni infections in Hawaii: associations with prior antibiotic use and commercially prepared chicken. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1152-5.
  16. Friedman C, Reddy S, Samuel M, Marcus R, Bender J, Desai S, et al. Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infections in the United States: a case-control study on FoodNet sites. In: Abstracts of the 2nd International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases. Atlanta, GA, July 2000 [accessed 24 May 2002]. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/pub/iceid/2000/friedman_c.htm
  17. Norkrans G, Svedhem A. Epidemiological aspects of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. J Hyg (Lond) 1982;89:163-70.
  18. Kapperud G, Skjerve E, Bean NH, Ostroff SM, Lassen J. Risk factors for sporadic campylobacter infections: results of a case-control study in southeastern Norway. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:3117-21.
  19. Studahl A, Andersson Y. Risk factors for indigenous campylobacter infection: a Swedish case-control study. Epidemiol Infect 2000;125:269-75.
  20. Oosterom J, den Uyl CH, Banffer JR, Huisman J. Epidemiological investigations on Campylobacter jejuni in households with a primary infection. J Hyg (Lond) 1984;93:325-32.
  21. Schorr D, Schmid H, Rieder HL, Baumgartner A, Vorkauf H, Burnens A. Risk factors for Campylobacter enteritis in Switzerland. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 1994;196:327-37.
  22. Ikram R, Chambers S, Mitchell P, Brieseman MA, Ikam OH. A case control study to determine risk factors for campylobacter infection in Christchurch in the summer of 1992-3. N Z Med J 1994;107:430-2.
  23. Eberhart-Phillips J, Walker N, Garrett N, Bell D, Sinclair D, Rainger W, et al. Campylobacteriosis in New Zealand: results of a case-control study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51:686-91.
  24. Kramer JM, Frost JA, Bolton FJ, Wareing DR. Campylobacter contamination of raw meat and poultry at retail sale: identification of multiple types and comparison with isolates from human infection. J Food Prot 2000;63:1654-9.
  25. Long SM, Adak GK, O'Brien SJ, Gillespie IA. General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease linked with salad vegetables and fruit, England and Wales, 1992-2000. Commun Dis Public Health 2002;5:101-5.
  26. Mitchell RT. The microbiological status of ready to eat fruit and vegetables. In: Abstracts of the 3rd International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases; Atlanta, Georgia; 2002 Mar 20-24; Abstract 67. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 2002.
  27. Kirk M, Waddell R, Dalton C, Creaser A, Rose N. A prolonged outbreak of campylobacter infection at a training facility. Commun Dis Intell 1997;21:57-61.
  28. Blaser MJ, Checko P, Bopp C, Bruce A, Hughes JM. Campylobacter enteritis associated with foodborne transmission. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:886-94.
  29. Barrell RAE, Hunter PR, Nichols G. Microbiological standards for water and their relationship to health risk. Commun Dis Public Health 2000;3:8-13.
  30. Hunter PR. The microbiology of bottled natural mineral waters. J Appl Bacteriol 1993;74:345-53.
  31. Blake PA, Rosenberg ML, Florencia J, Costa KB, do Prado Quintino L, Gangarosa EJ. Cholera in Portugal, 1974. II. Transmission by bottled water. Am J Epidemiol 1977;105:344-8.
  32. Harris JR. Are bottled beverages safe for travelers? Am J Public Health 1982;72:787-8.
  33. Eisenberg JNS, Wade TJ, Charles S, Vu M, Hubbard A, Wright CC, et al. Risk factors in HIV-associated diarrheal disease: the role of drinking water, medication and immune status. Epidemiol Infect 2002;128:73-81.
  34. Gillespie IA, O'Brien SJ, Frost JA. The acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance in travel-associated and home-acquired Campylobacter jejuni infection: a case-case comparison. In: Abstracts of the 3rd International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases; Atlanta, Georgia; 2002 Mar 20-24; Session 48. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 2002.
  35. Gillespie IA, O'Brien SJ, Frost JA, Adak GK, Horby P, Swan AV, et al. A case-case comparison of Campylobacter coli and Camylobacter jejuni infection: a tool for generating hypotheses. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:937-42.
  36. Wesley IV, Wells SJ, Harmon KM, Green A, Schroeder-Tucker L, Glover M, et al. Fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. in dairy cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000;66:1994-2000.
  37. Hoar BR, Atwill ER, Elmi C, Farver TB. An examination of risk factors associated with beef cattle shedding pathogens of potential zoonotic concern. Epidemiol Infect 2001;127:147-55.
  38. Fitzgerald C, Stanley K, Andrew S, Jones K. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flagellin gene typing in identifying clonal groups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in farm and clinical environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001;67:1429-36.
  39. Bottled Water Web. Portal for the bottled water industry. [accessed 7 August 2002]. Available from: URL: http://www.bottledwaterweb.com/
  40. Memorandum by The British Soft Drinks Association, Ltd. (DWB 14). In: House of Commons. Ninth report of the Environment Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee. London: The Stationery Office; 2001.