Tables

Table 1. Demographic and Pregnancy Factors of Mothers of Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) (Study 1) and Mothers of Children with Some Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Study 2).

Demographic and Pregnancy Factors Study 1 Study 2
Case^*
n = 43
Mean (Range) Control
n = 86
Mean (Range) P Value Case^*
n = 35
Mean (Range) Control
n = 70
Mean (Range) P Value
Number of criteria for FAS 5.0 (5–5) 0.48 (0–3) .001 3.2 (1–4) 0.31 (0–3) .001
Age (years) 26.6 (17–39) 24.2 (17–37) .02 28.0 (18–41) 24.5 (17–37) .01
Education (years) 9.8 (8–12) 11.0 (8–16) .003 10.2 (7–12) 11.0 (6–15) .11
Gravidity 6.6 (1–15) 5.0 (1–14) .007 6.0 (2–11) 4.6 (1–12) .02
Number of live-born children 5.5 (1–12) 4.3 (1–12) .01 5.5 (2–11) 4.1 (1–10) .01
Number of children before index child 3.4 (0–10) 1.9 (0–9) .001 3.1 (0–10) 1.7 (0–8) .01
Number of children after index child 1.2 (0–6) 1.3 (0–4) .65 1.4 (0–7) 1.5 (0–4) .96
Number of prenatal visits^† 3.7 (0–14) 6.4 (0–17) .004 3.1 (0–9) 7.0 (0–20) .001
Month of first prenatal visit^† 5.2 (1–9) 4.5 (1–9) .17 5.0 (2–9) 3.8 (1–8) .04
^* None of the differences between study 1 and 2 case mothers are statistically significant.
^† Data are for the pregnancy with the index child.

Demographic and Pregnancy Factors	Study 1	Study 2
Case^* n = 43 Mean (Range)	Control n = 86 Mean (Range)	P Value	Case^* n = 35 Mean (Range)	Control n = 70 Mean (Range)	P Value
Number of criteria for FAS	5.0 (5–5)	0.48 (0–3)	.001	3.2 (1–4)	0.31 (0–3)	.001
Age (years)	26.6 (17–39)	24.2 (17–37)	.02	28.0 (18–41)	24.5 (17–37)	.01
Education (years)	9.8 (8–12)	11.0 (8–16)	.003	10.2 (7–12)	11.0 (6–15)	.11
Gravidity	6.6 (1–15)	5.0 (1–14)	.007	6.0 (2–11)	4.6 (1–12)	.02
Number of live-born children	5.5 (1–12)	4.3 (1–12)	.01	5.5 (2–11)	4.1 (1–10)	.01
Number of children before index child	3.4 (0–10)	1.9 (0–9)	.001	3.1 (0–10)	1.7 (0–8)	.01
Number of children after index child	1.2 (0–6)	1.3 (0–4)	.65	1.4 (0–7)	1.5 (0–4)	.96
Number of prenatal visits^†	3.7 (0–14)	6.4 (0–17)	.004	3.1 (0–9)	7.0 (0–20)	.001
Month of first prenatal visit^†	5.2 (1–9)	4.5 (1–9)	.17	5.0 (2–9)	3.8 (1–8)	.04

Table 2. Mean Number of Visits for Maternal Injuries 5 Years Before the Birth of the Index Child (or Until 1, August 1995) for Mothers with Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Study 1) and Mothers of Children with Some Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Study 2).

Injury Characteristics Study 1 Study 2
Case^* Control P Value Case^* Control P Value
Unintentional injuries^† 4.6 2.6 .004 3.0 2.6 .78
Alcohol involved^† 1.7 0.2 .003 1.2 0.5 .14
Hospitalized 0.9 0.2 .05 0.9 0.2 .15
Intentional injuries^† 4.6 2.0 .06 3.3 1.8 .05
Alcohol involved^† 2.5 0.6 .01 2.2 0.9 .002
Hospitalized 0.8 0.1 .12 0.3 0.3 .49
^* None of the differences between study 1 and 2 cases are statistically significant.
^† The mean numbers of total injuries and total alcohol-related injuries were significantly higher for both study 1 and 2 case mothers than control mothers (P = .01).

Injury Characteristics	Study 1	Study 2
Case^*	Control	P Value	Case^*	Control	P Value
Unintentional injuries^†	4.6	2.6	.004	3.0	2.6	.78
Alcohol involved^†	1.7	0.2	.003	1.2	0.5	.14
Hospitalized	0.9	0.2	.05	0.9	0.2	.15
Intentional injuries^†	4.6	2.0	.06	3.3	1.8	.05
Alcohol involved^†	2.5	0.6	.01	2.2	0.9	.002
Hospitalized	0.8	0.1	.12	0.3	0.3	.49

Table 3. Medical Record Documentation of Maternal Sexual Abuse, Mental Health Problems, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Family Planning.

Characteristics Study 1 Study 2
Case (%)^* Control (%) Odds Ratio (95% CL) Case (%)^* Control (%) Odds Ratio (95% CL)
Sexual abuse 25.6 8.1 2.33 (1.04–5.36) 17.1 10.0 1.80 (0.47–6.87)
Diagnosed coexisting mental health problem 62.8 41.9 2.48 (1.05–6.34) 51.4 27.1 2.94 (1.11–8.69)
Diagnosed with depression 34.9 17.4 2.38 (1.00–6.06) 20.0 15.7 1.37 (0.39–4.83)
Suicide attempts 39.5 27.9 1.66 (0.72–3.90) 40.0 21.4 2.29 (0.89–6.18)
Had sexually transmitted disease 69.8 68.6 1.07 (0.41–2.87) 62.9 57.1 1.26 (0.51–3.20)
Use of family planning 58.1 60.5 0.91 (0.40–2.07) 45.7 54.3 0.65 (0.26–1.63)
Condoms 27.9 47.7 0.34 (0.12–0.90) 20.0 21.4 0.90 (0.25–3.24)
Birth control pills 16.3 32.6 0.37 (0.11–1.00) 14.3 38.6 0.29 (0.10–0.84)
Sterilization 20.9 8.1 3.52 (1.00–16.08) 5.7 11.4 0.50 (0.11–2.35)
Note: study 1 = mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome; study 2 = mothers of children with some characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome.
^* None of the differences between study 1 and study 2 case mothers are statistically significant.
CI = confidence interval.

Characteristics	Study 1	Study 2
Case (%)^*	Control (%)	Odds Ratio (95% CL)	Case (%)^*	Control (%)	Odds Ratio (95% CL)
Sexual abuse	25.6	8.1	2.33 (1.04–5.36)	17.1	10.0	1.80 (0.47–6.87)
Diagnosed coexisting mental health problem	62.8	41.9	2.48 (1.05–6.34)	51.4	27.1	2.94 (1.11–8.69)
Diagnosed with depression	34.9	17.4	2.38 (1.00–6.06)	20.0	15.7	1.37 (0.39–4.83)
Suicide attempts	39.5	27.9	1.66 (0.72–3.90)	40.0	21.4	2.29 (0.89–6.18)
Had sexually transmitted disease	69.8	68.6	1.07 (0.41–2.87)	62.9	57.1	1.26 (0.51–3.20)
Use of family planning	58.1	60.5	0.91 (0.40–2.07)	45.7	54.3	0.65 (0.26–1.63)
Condoms	27.9	47.7	0.34 (0.12–0.90)	20.0	21.4	0.90 (0.25–3.24)
Birth control pills	16.3	32.6	0.37 (0.11–1.00)	14.3	38.6	0.29 (0.10–0.84)
Sterilization	20.9	8.1	3.52 (1.00–16.08)	5.7	11.4	0.50 (0.11–2.35)

Table 4. Percentage of Mothers Who Had a Medical Record Documentation of Maternal Alcohol Abuse, Medical Problems, Treatment, Aerosol Abuse, Grandmother and Partner Alcohol Use.

Characteristic Study 1 Study 2
Case (%) Control (%) Odds Ratio^* or P Value Case (%) Control (%) Odds Ratio^* or P Value
Alcohol-related medical problems 81.4^† 19.8 17.14 (5.30–88.15) 57.1^† 20.0 5.67 (1.99–19.84)
Cirrhosis 16.3 0 P = .001 2.9 0 P = .72
Trauma 60.5 10.5 14.43 (4.36–75.13) 42.9 12.9 5.77 (1.78–24.41)
Delirium tremens 25.6 0 P = .001 11.4 1.4 8.0 (0.79–393.98)
Alcohol abuse at any time recorded in chart^‡ 95.3^† 39.5 39.85 (6.52–1638.3) 77.1^† 32.9 6.12 (2.21–21.01)
Heavy 93.0^† 34.9 42.79 (7.02–1756.8) 57.1^† 21.4 5.40 (1.88–18.96)
Binge 41.9 14.0 4.65 (1.72–14.59) 48.6 14.3 6.41 (2.03–26.73)
Daily 37.2 1.2 48.77 (6.98–2136.0) 28.6 1.4 20.0 (2.85–867.95)
Referral to alcohol treatment 79.1^† 25.6 13.80 (4.21–71.49) 57.1^† 11.4 8.58 (2.83–34.57)
Alcohol use following first treatment 94.1 50.0 16.0 (2.65–125.1) 75.0 37.5 5.00 (0.66–43.02)
Alcohol use following last treatment 50.0 22.7 3.40 (0.86–13.59) 40.0 0 P = .10
Aerosol abuse 7.0 0 P = .07 2.9 0 P = .77
Cigarette use 62.8 60.5 1.10 (0.49–2.51) 62.9 54.3 1.43 (0.57–3.56)
Maternal problems possibly related to prenatal alcohol exposure 30.2 10.5 3.83 (1.35–10.86) 17.1 2.9 6.00 (1.07–60.79)
Maternal grandmother alcohol use 92.9 43.9 24.00 (2.70–213.4) 78.9 38.9 4.98 (1.03–48.11)
Partner's alcohol use 62.8 55.8 1.32 (0.63–2.74) 65.7 54.3 1.50 (0.69–3.27)
Note: study 1 = mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome; study 2 = mothers of children with some characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome.
^* 95 percent confidence interval in parentheses.
^† Differences between study 1 and study 2 case mothers are statistically significant.
^‡ Two case mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome had alcohol use documented only in the child's medical record.

Characteristic	Study 1			Study 2
Characteristic	Case (%)	Control (%)	Odds Ratio^* or P Value	Case (%)	Control (%)	Odds Ratio^* or P Value
Alcohol-related medical problems	81.4^†	19.8	17.14 (5.30–88.15)	57.1^†	20.0	5.67 (1.99–19.84)
Cirrhosis	16.3	0	P = .001	2.9	0	P = .72
Trauma	60.5	10.5	14.43 (4.36–75.13)	42.9	12.9	5.77 (1.78–24.41)
Delirium tremens	25.6	0	P = .001	11.4	1.4	8.0 (0.79–393.98)
Alcohol abuse at any time recorded in chart^‡	95.3^†	39.5	39.85 (6.52–1638.3)	77.1^†	32.9	6.12 (2.21–21.01)
Heavy	93.0^†	34.9	42.79 (7.02–1756.8)	57.1^†	21.4	5.40 (1.88–18.96)
Binge	41.9	14.0	4.65 (1.72–14.59)	48.6	14.3	6.41 (2.03–26.73)
Daily	37.2	1.2	48.77 (6.98–2136.0)	28.6	1.4	20.0 (2.85–867.95)
Referral to alcohol treatment	79.1^†	25.6	13.80 (4.21–71.49)	57.1^†	11.4	8.58 (2.83–34.57)
Alcohol use following first treatment	94.1	50.0	16.0 (2.65–125.1)	75.0	37.5	5.00 (0.66–43.02)
Alcohol use following last treatment	50.0	22.7	3.40 (0.86–13.59)	40.0	0	P = .10
Aerosol abuse	7.0	0	P = .07	2.9	0	P = .77
Cigarette use	62.8	60.5	1.10 (0.49–2.51)	62.9	54.3	1.43 (0.57–3.56)
Maternal problems possibly related to prenatal alcohol exposure	30.2	10.5	3.83 (1.35–10.86)	17.1	2.9	6.00 (1.07–60.79)
Maternal grandmother alcohol use	92.9	43.9	24.00 (2.70–213.4)	78.9	38.9	4.98 (1.03–48.11)
Partner's alcohol use	62.8	55.8	1.32 (0.63–2.74)	65.7	54.3	1.50 (0.69–3.27)