Medscape www.medscape.com

References for:
The Leapfrog Group: Ready to Jump From Marketplace to Courtroom?

[Health Aff 22(2):46-59, 2003. © 2003 Project HOPE]

  1. L.T. Kohn, J.M. Corrigan, and M.S. Donaldson, eds., To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Washington: National Academy Press, 2000); and Institute of Medicine, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for theTwenty-first Century (Washington: National Academy Press, 2001).
  2. T.A. Brennan and D.M. Berwick, New Rules: Regulation, Markets, and the Quality of American Health Care (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996); and M. Hawryluk, OIG Report Hits PROs for Putting Doctors above Beneficiaries, American Medical News, 3 September 2001 1.
  3. Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force, Doing What Counts for Patient Safety: Federal Actions to Reduce Medical Errors and Their Impact (Washington: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000).
  4. National Quality Forum, Making Healthcare Safer for Patients: Evidence-Based Practices (draft report), www.qualityforum.org/safe_patient_report.html (11 November 2002).
  5. K.J. Shojania et al., Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment no. 43, AHRQ Pub. no. 01-E058 (Rockville, Md.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2001).
  6. Leapfrog Group, The Leapfrog Group Fact Sheet, May 2002, http://www.leapfroggroup.org/FactSheets/LF_FactSheet.pdf (9 May 2002).
  7. M. Freudenheim, Big Companies Lead Effort to Reduce Medical Errors, New York Times, 16 November 2000.
  8. Leapfrog Group, Purchasing Principles, www.leapfroggroup.org/purchase1.htm#B (9 May 2002).
  9. Leapfrog Group, The Leapfrog Group Fact Sheet.
  10. Leapfrog Group, An Example of Using Incentives to Drive Change, 26 September 2000, http://www. leapfroggroup.org/toolkit/GMValuePurchasing.PDF (9 May 2002).
  11. C.C. Havighurst, J.F. Blumstein, and T.A. Brennan, Health Care Law and Policy, 2d ed. (NewYork: Foundation Press, 1998).
  12. Ibid.; A.L. Hyams, J.A. Brandenburg, and S.R. Lipsitz, Practice Guidelines and Malpractice Litigation: A Two-Way Street, Annals of Internal Medicine (15 March 1995): 450 455; and M.M. Mello, Of Swords and Shields: The Role of Clinical Practice Guidelines in Medical Malpractice Litigation, University of Pennsylvania Law Review (January 2001): 645 710.
  13. 60 F.2d 737 (2d Cir. 1932).
  14. A.H. McCoid, The Care Required of Medical Practitioners, Vanderbilt Law Review (June 1959): 549 632.
  15. 519 P.2d 981 (Wa. 1974).
  16. P.G. Peters, The Role of the Jury in Modern Malpractice Law, Iowa Law Review (March 2002): 909 969.
  17. 579 A.2d 177 (D.C. Cir. 1990).
  18. United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169 (2d Cir. 1947).
  19. Mello, Of Swords and Shields.
  20. Kramer v. Milner 639 N.E.2d 157 (Ill. App. 1 Dist. 1994).
  21. Mello, Of Swords and Shields ; and R. Grilli and J. Lomas, Evaluating the Message: The Relationship between Compliance Rate and the Subject of a Practice Guideline, Medical Care (March 1994): 202 213.
  22. 545 N.W. 2d 495 (Wis. 1996).
  23. Ibid.
  24. Mello, Of Swords and Shields ; and D.M. Eddy, Designing a Practice Policy: Standards, Guidelines, and Options, Journal of the American Medical Association (13 June 1990): 3081 3084.
  25. W.P. Keeton and W.L. Prosser, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts, 5th ed. (St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1984).
  26. R.D. White, Group Promotes Its Health Agenda, Los Angeles Times, 22 January 2002; and B. Martinez, Employers Group to Unveil Plan to Reduce Medical Errors, Wall Street Journal, 17 January 2002.
  27. J.D. Birkmeyer, Leapfrog Patient Safety Standards: Economic Implications (Washington: Leapfrog Group, 2001); and American Hospital Association, AHA Guide to Computerized Physician Order-Entry Systems (Chicago: AHA, 2000).
  28. D.F. Doolan and D.W. Bates, Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in Hospitals: Mandates and Incentives, Health Affairs (July/Aug 2002): 180 188.
  29. P.R. Dexter et al., A Computerized Reminder System to Increase the Role of Preventive Care for Hospitalized Patients, New England Journal of Medicine (27 September 2001): 965 970.
  30. D.C. Classen et al., Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients: Excess Length of Stay, Extra Costs, and Attributable Mortality, Journal of the American Medical Association (22/29 January 1997): 301 306.
  31. D.W. Bates et al., The Costs of Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients: Adverse Drug Events Prevention Study Group, Journal of the American Medical Association (22/29 January 1997): 307 311; D.W. Bates et al., The Impact of Computerized Physician Order Entry on Medication Error Prevention, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (July August 1999): 313 321; D.W. Bates et al., The Effect of a Computerized Physician Order Entry in a Team Intervention on Prevention of Serious Medication Errors, Journal of the American Medical Association (28 October 1998): 1311 1306; and R.S. Evans et al., A Computer-Assisted Management Program for Antibiotics and Other Antiinfective Agents, New England Journal of Medicine (22 January 1998): 232 238.
  32. J.D. Birkmeyer et al., Hospital Volume and Surgical Mortality in the United States, New England Journal of Medicine (11 April 2002): 1128 1137; C.B. Begg et al., Variations in Morbidity after Radical Prostatectomy, NewEngland Journal of Medicine (11 April 2002): 1138 1144; E.L. Hannan et al., Coronary Angioplasty: Volume Outcome Relationships for Hospitals and Cardiologists, Journal of the American Medical Association (19 March 1997): 892 898; C.B. Begg et al., Impact of Hospital Volume on Operative Mortality for Major Cancer Surgery, Journal of the American Medical Association (25 November 1998): 1747 1751; and J.D. Birkmeyer, F.L. Lucas, and D.E. Wennberg, Potential Benefits of Regionalizing Major Surgery for Medicare Patients, Effective Clinical Practice (Nov Dec 1999): 277 283.
  33. Birkmeyer et al., Hospital Volume and Surgical Mortality.
  34. A. Epstein, Volume and Outcome It Is Time to Move Ahead, New England Journal of Medicine (11 April 2002): 1161 1164.
  35. J.D. Birkmeyer, E.V. Finlayson, and C.M. Birkmeyer, Volume Standards for High-Risk Surgical Procedures: Potential Benefits of the Leapfrog Initiative, Surgery (September 2001): 415 429; and R.A. Dudley et al., Selective Referrals to High Volume Hospitals: Estimating Potentially Available Deaths, Journal of the American Medical Association (1 March 2000): 1159 1166.
  36. Birkmeyer et al., Hospital Volume and Surgical Mortality ; and L.I. Iezzoni, Data Sources and Implications: Administrative Databases, in Risk Adjustment for Measuring Healthcare Outcomes, 2d ed., ed. L.I. Iezzoni (Chicago: Health Administration Press, 1997), 169 242.
  37. W.G. Manning et al., A Controlled Trial of the Effect of a Prepaid Group Practice on Use of Services, New England Journal of Medicine (7 June 1984): 1505 1510.
  38. E.L. Hannan, The Relation between Volume and Outcome in Health Care, New England Journal of Medicine (27 May 1999): 1677 1679.
  39. Birkmeyer et al., Volume Standards for High-Risk Surgical Procedures.
  40. David Burnett, University Healthsystem Consortium, personal communication, 2001.
  41. F.A. Sloan, R.D. Feldman, and B. Steinwald, Effects of Teaching on Hospital Costs, Journal of Health Economics (March 1983): 1 28; F.A. Sloan and J. Valvona, Uncovering the High Costs of Teaching Hospitals, Health Affairs (Fall 1986): 68 85; and D.H. Taylor, D.J. Whellan, and F.A. Sloan, Effects of Admission to a Teaching Hospital and the Costs and Quality of Care for Medicare Beneficiaries, New England Journal of Medicine (28 January 1999): 293 299.
  42. Epstein, Volume and Outcome ; and J. Daley, Invited Commentary: Quality of Care and the Volume-Outcome Relationship What's Next for Surgery? Surgery (January 2002): 16 18.
  43. T.A. Brennan et al., Incidence of Adverse Events and Negligence in Hospitalized Patients: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I, New England Journal of Medicine (7 February 1991): 370 376; and E.J. Thomas et al., Incidence and Types of Adverse Events and Negligent Care in Utah and Colorado, Medical Care (March 2000): 261 271.
  44. J.D. Birkmeyer et al., Leapfrog Safety Standards: The Potential Benefits of Universal Adoption (Washington: Leapfrog Group, 2000).
  45. Ibid.
  46. D.C. Angus et al., Committee for Manpower for Pulmonary and Critical Care Societies, Caring for the Critically Ill: Current and Projected Workforce Requirements of an Aging Population, Journal of the American Medical Association (6 December 2000): 2762 2770.
  47. M. Freudenheim, Companies Start Fund to Reward Hospitals for Better Care, New York Times, 18 October 2001.
  48. C. Becker, Déjà Vu All Over Again: New Jersey Malpractice Insurer Under Fire for Huge Loss, Modern Healthcare (11 March 2002): 26; P. Maguire, As the Malpractice Crisis Enters Year Two, Doctors and Insurers Flee Some Markets, ACP-ASIM Observer (April 2002): 1; and S. Friess, Malpractice Insurance Soars: Doctors Feel Hit, USA Today, 9 April 2002, 1.
  49. P.C. Weiler et al., A Measure of Malpractice: Medical Injury, Malpractice Litigation, and Patient Compensation (Cam-bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); and M.M. Mello and T.A. Brennan, Regulating Health Care Quality: The Case of Patient Safety (Commissioned paper for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2002).
  50. A.R. Localio et al., Relation between Malpractice Claims and Adverse Events due to Negligence: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study III, New England Journal of Medicine (25 July 1991): 245 251; and D.M. Studdert et al., Negligent Care and Malpractice Claiming Behavior in Utah and Colorado, Medical Care (March 2000): 250 260.
  51. M.M. Mello and T.A. Brennan, Deterrence of Medical Errors: Theory and Evidence for Malpractice Re-form, University of Texas Law Review (June 2002): 1595 1637.
  52. R.P. Charrow and V.R. Charrow, Making Legal Language Understandable: A Psycholinguistic Study of Jury Instructions, Columbia Law Review (November 1979): 1306 1374; R.F. Forston, Sense and Non-Sense: Jury Trial Communication, Brigham Young University Law Review 1975, no. 3 (1975): 601 637; T.A. Brennan, C.M. Sox, and H.R. Burstin, Relation between Negligent Adverse Events and the Outcomes of Medical Malpractice Litigation, New England Journal of Medicine (26 December 1996): 1963 1967; and B.A. Liang, Medical Malpractice: Do Physicians Have Legal Knowledge and Assess Cases as Juries Do? University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 3, no. 59 (1996).