Needle exchange programs Can reduce injection-related risks and HIV transmission without increasing drug use, violence, or publicly discarded syringes Have the potential to provide numerous health and social services for IDUs Are limited by lack of funding, the ongoing ban on use of federal funds, and inadequate number of locations and operating hours Are currently unable to meet the need for sterile syringes

Syringe prescription A promising approach that should be further explored Allows legal provision of syringes in many states where access is otherwise restricted Can be combined with medical care, disease testing, vaccination, and referral to drug treatment Is not yet widely implemented; requires IDUs to enter medical care

Deregulation of syringes Pharmacies have convenient locations, extended hours, and existing infrastructure Pharmacists are trained health professionals who can provide medical advice and referrals Pharmacists often retain discretion with regard to over-the-counter syringe sales Law changes take time and face resistance Specific law changes vary and may still restrict syringe sales and possession of syringes