Medscape www.medscape.com

References for:
Vascular Proliferation and Atherosclerosis: New Perspectives and Therapeutic Strategies

[Nat Med 8(11):1249 - 1256, 2002. © 2002 Nature Publishing Group]

  1. Ross, R. Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 115-126 (1999).
  2. Libby, P., Ridker, P.M. & Maseri, A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 105, 1135-1143 (2002).
  3. Ross, R. Cell biology of atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 57, 791-804 (1995).
  4. Ross, R. & Glomset, J.A. Atherosclerosis and the arterial smooth muscle cell: Proliferation of smooth muscle is a key event in the genesis of the lesions of atherosclerosis. Science 180, 1332-1339 (1973).
  5. Schwartz, S.M., Virmani, R. & Rosenfeld, M.E. The good smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2, 422-429 (2000).
  6. Schwartz, S.M., deBlois, D. & O'Brien, E.R.M. The intima. Soil for atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circ. Res. 77, 445-465 (1995).
  7. Fuster, V. Lewis A. Conner Memorial Lecture. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: Insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation 90, 2126-2146 (1994).
  8. Velican, C. & Velican, D. Intimal thickening in developing coronary arteries and its relevance to atherosclerosis involvement. Atherosclerosis 23, 345-355 (1976).
  9. Schwartz, S.M. & Murry, C.E. Proliferation and the monoclonal origins of atherosclerotic lesions. Annu. Rev. Med. 49, 437-460 (1998).
  10. Gordon, D., Reidy, M.A., Benditt, E.P. & Schwartz, S.M. Cell proliferation in human coronary arteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4600-4604 (1990).
  11. O'Brien, E.R. et al. Proliferation in primary and restenotic coronary atherectomy tissue. Implications for antiproliferative therapy. Circ. Res. 73, 223-231 (1993).
  12. Katsuda, S., Boyd, H.C., Fligner, C., Ross, R. & Gown, A.M. Human atherosclerosis. III. Immunocytochemical analysis of the cell composition of lesions of young adults. Am. J. Pathol. 140, 907-914 (1992).
  13. Scott, N.A. et al. Identification of a potential role for the adventitia in vascular lesion formation after balloon overstretch injury of procine coronary arteries. Circulation 93, 2178-2187 (1996).
  14. DeRuiter, M.C. et al. Embryonic endothelial cells transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells expressing smooth muscle actins in vivo and in vitro. Circ. Res. 80, 444-451 (1997).
  15. Sata, M. et al. Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into vascular cells that participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Nature Med. 8, 403-409 (2002).
  16. Hillebrands, J.L. et al. Origin of neointimal endothelium and alpha-actin-positive smooth muscle cells in transplant arteriosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 107, 1411-1422 (2001).
  17. Campbell, J.H., Han, C.L. & Campbell, G.R. Neointimal formation by circulating bone marrow cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 947, 18-24 (2001).
  18. Shimizu, K. et al. Host bone-marrow cells are a source of donor intimal smooth-muscle-like cells in murine aortic transplant arteriopathy. Nature Med. 7, 738-741 (2001).
  19. Simper, D., Stalboerger, P.G., Panetta, C.J., Wang, S. & Caplice, N.M. Smooth muscle progenitor cells in human blood. Circulation 106, 1199-1204 (2002).
  20. Braun-Dullaeus, R.C., Mann, M.J. & Dzau, V.J. Cell cycle progression. New therapeutic target for vascular proliferative disease. Circulation 98, 82-89 (1998).
  21. Serruys, P.W. et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 489-495 (1994).
  22. Mann, M.J. et al. Ex vivo gene therapy of human vascular bypass grafts with E2F decoy: The PREVENT single-centre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 354, 1493-1498 (1999).
  23. Lindner, V. & Reidy, M.A. Proliferation of smooth muscle cells after vascular injury is inhibited by an antibody against basic fibroblast growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3739-3743 (1991).
  24. Ferns, G.A. et al. Inhibition of neointimal smooth muscle accumulation after angioplasty by an antibody to PDGF. Science 253, 1129-1132 (1991).
  25. Majeski, M.W., Lindner, V., Twardzik, D.R. & Reidy, M.A. Production of transforming growth factor beta-1 during repair of arterial injury. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 904-910 (1991).
  26. Nabel, E.G. et al. Recombinant platelet-derived growth factor B gene expression in porcine arteries induce intimal hyperplasia in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 1822-1829 (1993).
  27. Grant, M.B. et al. Localization of insulin-like growth factor I and inhibition of coronary smooth muscle cell growth by somatostatin analogues in human coronary smooth muscle cells. A potential treatment for restenosis? Circulation 89, 1511-1517 (1994).
  28. Dzau, V.J., Gibbons, G.H. & Pratt, R.E. Molecular mechanisms of vascular renin-angiotensin system in myointimal hyperplasia. Hypertension 18, II100-11105 (1991).
  29. Ignarro, L.J., Buga, G.M., Wood, K.S., Byrns, R.E. & Chaudhuri, G. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 9265-9269 (1987).
  30. Kinsella, M.G. & Wight, T.N. Modulation of sulfated proteoglycan synthesis by bovine aortic endothelial cells during migration. J. Cell. Biol. 102, 678-687 (1986).
  31. Elledge, S.J. Cell cycle checkpoints: preventing an identity crisis. Science 274, 1664-1671 (1996).
  32. Koepp, D.M., Harper, J.W. & Elledge, S.J. How the cyclin became a cyclin: Regulated proteolysis in the cell cycle. Cell 97, 431-434 (1999).
  33. Sherr, C.J. Mammalian G1 cyclins and cell cycle progression. Proc. Assoc. Am. Phys. 107, 181-186 (1995).
  34. Levine, A.J. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88, 323-331 (1997).
  35. Smith, R.C. et al. p21CIP1-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation by overexpression of the gax homeodomain gene. Genes Dev. 11, 1674-1689 (1997).
  36. Narita, N., Heikinheimo, M., Bielinska, M., White, R.A. & Wilson, D.B. The gene for transcription factor GATA-6 resides on mouse chromosome 18 and is expressed in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Genomics 36, 345-348 (1996).
  37. Perlman, H., Suzuki, E., Simonson, M., Smith, R.C. & Walsh, K. GATA-6 induces p21(Cip1) expression and G1 cell cycle arrest. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 13713-13718 (1998).
  38. Guo, K., Andres, V. & Walsh, K. Nitric oxide-induced downregulation of Cdk2 activity and cyclin A gene transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 97, 2066-2072 (1998).
  39. Ishida, A., Sasaguri, T., Kosaka, C., Nojima, H. & Ogata, J. Induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Sdi1/Cip1/Waf1) by nitric oxide-generating vasodilator in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 10050-10057 (1997).
  40. Jacks, T. & Weinberg, R.A. The expanding role of cell cycle regulators. Science 280, 1035-1036 (1998).
  41. Hiromura, K., Pippin, J.W., Fero, M.L., Roberts, J.M. & Shankland, S.J. Modulation of apoptosis by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). J. Clin. Invest. 103, 597-604 (1999).
  42. Biro, S., Fu, Y.-M., Yu, Z.-X. & Epstein, S.E. Inhibitory effects of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting c-myc mRNA on smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 654-658 (1993).
  43. Fukui, R. et al. Inhibition of smooth muscle cell migration by the p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (Cip1). Atherosclerosis 132, 53-59 (1997).
  44. Shi, Y. et al. Transcatheter delivery of c-myc antisense oligomers reduces neointimal formation in a porcine model of coronary artery balloon injury. Circulation 90, 944-951 (1994).
  45. Braun-Dullaeus, R.C., Mann, M.J., Ziegler, A., von der Leyen, H.E. & Dzau, V.J. A novel role for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIP1 in angiotensin II-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 815-823 (1999).
  46. Mann, M.J. et al. Cell cycle inhibition preserves endothelial function in genetically engineered rabbit vein grafts. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 1295-1301 (1997).
  47. Perkins, N.D. et al. Regulation of NF-constantB by cyclin-dependent kinases associated with the p300 coactivator. Science 275, 523-527 (1997).
  48. Gilroy, D.W., Saunders, M.A., Sansores-Garcia, L., Matijevic-Aleksic, N. & Wu, K.K. Cell cycle-dependent expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human fibroblasts. Faseb J. 15, 288-290 (2001).
  49. Kleemann, R. et al. Intracellular action of the cytokine MIF to modulate AP-1 activity and the cell cycle through Jab1. Nature 408, 211-216 (2000).
  50. von der Leyen, H.E. et al. Gene therapy inhibiting neointimal vascular lesion: in vivo transfer of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1137-1141 (1995).
  51. Qian, H., Neplioueva, V., Shetty, G.A., Channon, K.M. & George, S.E. Nitric oxide synthase gene therapy rapidly reduces adhesion molecule expression and inflammatory cell infiltration in carotid arteries of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circulation 99, 2979-2982 (1999).
  52. Gershlick, A.H. Treating atherosclerosis: Local drug delivery from laboratory studies to clinical trials. Atherosclerosis 160, 259-271 (2002).
  53. Sehgal, S.N., Baker, H. & Vezina, C. Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. II. Fermentation, isolation and characterization. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 28, 727-732 (1975).
  54. Gregory, C.R., Huie, P., Billingham, M.E. & Morris, R.E. Rapamycin inhibits arterial intimal thickening caused by both alloimmune and mechanical injury. Its effect on cellular, growth factor, and cytokine response in injured vessels. Transplantation 55, 1409-1418 (1993).
  55. Braun-Dullaeus, R.C. et al. Cell cycle protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo is regulated through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21, 1152-1158 (2001).
  56. Gallo, R. et al. Inhibition of intimal thickening after balloon angioplasty in porcine coronary arteries by targeting regulators of the cell cycle. Circulation 99, 2164-2170 (1999).
  57. Zheng, X.F., Florentino, D., Chen, J., Crabtree, G.R. & Schreiber, S.L. TOR kinase domains are required for two distinct functions, only one of which is inhibited by rapamycin. Cell 82, 121-130 (1995).
  58. Kuo, C.J. et al. Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase. Nature 358, 70-73 (1992).
  59. Graves, L.M. et al. cAMP- and rapamycin-sensitive regulation of the association of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and the translational regulator PHAS-I in aortic smooth muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7222-7226 (1995).
  60. Poon, M. et al. Rapamycin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell migration. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 2277-2283 (1996).
  61. Giasson, E. & Meloche, S. Role of p70 S6 protein kinase in angiotensin II-induced protein synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 5225-5231 (1995).
  62. Morice, M.C. et al. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1773-1780 (2002).
  63. Jordan, M.A., Toso, R.J., Thrower, D. & Wilson, L. Mechanism of mitotic block and inhibition of cell proliferation by taxol at low concentrations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 9552-9556 (1993).
  64. Axel, D.I. et al. Paclitaxel inhibits arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo using local drug delivery. Circulation 96, 636-645 (1997).
  65. Liistro, F. et al. First clinical experience with a paclitaxel derivate-eluting polymer stent system implantation for in-stent restenosis: Immediate and long- term clinical and angiographic outcome. Circulation 105, 1883-1886 (2002).
  66. Gray, N., Detivaud, L., Doerig, C. & Meijer, L. ATP-site directed inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases. Curr. Med. Chem. 6, 859-875 (1999).
  67. Ruef, J. et al. Flavopiridol inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and neointimal formation in vivo after carotid injury in the rat. Circulation 100, 659-665 (1999).
  68. Brooks, E.E. et al. CVT-313, a specific and potent inhibitor of CDK2 that prevents neointimal proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29207-29211 (1997).
  69. Grise, M.A. et al. Five-year clinical follow-up after intracoronary radiation: results of a randomized clinical trial. Circulation 105, 2737-2740 (2002).
  70. Waksman, R. et al. Intracoronary gamma-radiation therapy after angioplasty inhibits recurrence in patients with in-stent restenosis. Circulation 101, 2165-2171 (2000).
  71. Scott, S., O'Sullivan, M., Hafizi, S., Shapiro, L.M. & Bennett, M.R. Human vascular smooth muscle cells from restenosis or in-stent stenosis sites demonstrate enhanced responses to p53: Implications for brachytherapy and drug treatment for restenosis. Circ. Res. 90, 398-404 (2002).
  72. Morishita, R. et al. Single intraluminal delivery of antisense cdc2 kinase and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen oligonucleotides results in chronic inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8474-8478 (1993).
  73. Simons, M., Edelman, E.R. & Rosenberg, R.D. Antisense proliferating cell nuclear antigen oligonucleotides inhibit intimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid artery injury model. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 2351-2356 (1994).
  74. Kutryk, M.J. et al. Local intracoronary administration of antisense oligonucleotide against c-myc for the prevention of in-stent restenosis: results of the randomized investigation by the Thoraxcenter of antisense DNA using local delivery and IVUS after coronary stenting (ITALICS) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39, 281-287 (2002).
  75. Frimerman, A. et al. Chimeric DNA-RNA hammerhead ribozyme to proliferating cell nuclear antigen reduces stent-induced stenosis in a porcine coronary model. Circulation 99, 697-703 (1999).
  76. Yang, Z.-Y. et al. Role of the p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in limiting intimal cell proliferation in response to arterial injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7905-7910 (1996).
  77. Yonemitsu, Y., Kaneda, Y., Hataa, Y., Nakashima, Y. & Sueishi, K. Wild-type p53 gene transfer: a novel therapeutic strategy for neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 811, 395-399 (1997).
  78. Chen, D. et al. Downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity and cyclin A promoter activity in vascular smooth muscle cells by p27KIP1, an inhibitor of neointima formation in the rat carotid artery. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 2334-2341 (1997).
  79. Mano, T., Luo, Z., Malendowicz, S.L., Evans, T. & Walsh, K. Reversal of GATA-6 downregulation promotes smooth muscle differentiation and inhibits intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid artery. Circ. Res. 84, 647-654 (1999).
  80. Chang, M.W. et al. Cytostatic gene therapy for vascular proliferative disorders with a constitutively active form of the retinoblastoma gene product. Science 267, 518-522 (1995).
  81. von der Leyen, H.E. & Dzau, V.J. Therapeutic potential of nitric oxide synthase gene manipulation. Circulation 103, 2760-2765 (2001).
  82. Morishita, R. et al. A gene therapy strategy using a transcription factor decoy of the E2F binding site inhibits smooth muscle proliferation in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5855-5859 (1995).
  83. Mangi, A.A. & Dzau, V.J. Gene therapy for human bypass grafts. Ann. Med. 33, 153-155. (2001).