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References for:
Abuse of Combinations of Carisoprodol and Tramadol

[South Med J 94(5):512-514, 2001. © 2001 Southern Medical Association]

  1. Littrell RA, Hayes RA, Stillner V: Carisoprodol (Soma): a new and cautious perspective on an old agent. South Med J 1993; 86:753-756
  2. Moore RM, Chua L: Carisoprodol dependence: a case report. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1978; 5:527-530
  3. Elder NC: Abuse of skeletal muscle relaxants. Am Fam Physician 1991; 44:1223-1226
  4. Rust GS, Hatch R, Gums JG: Carisoprodol as a drug of abuse. Arch Fam Med 1993; 2:429-432
  5. Sidkar S, Basu D, Malhotra AK: Carisoprodol abuse: a report from India. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 88:302-303
  6. Luehr JG, Meyerle KA, Larson EW: Mail-order (veterinary) drug dependence. JAMA 1990; 263:657
  7. Littrell RA, Sage T, Miller W: Meprobamate dependence secondary to carisoprodol (Soma) use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1993; 19:133-134
  8. Reeves RR, Pinkofsky HB, Carter OS: Carisoprodol: a drug of continuing abuse. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1997; 97:723-724
  9. Roache JD, Griffith RR: Lorazepam and meprobamate dose effects in humans: behavioral effects and abuse liability. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 243:978-988
  10. Douglas JF, Ludwig GJ, Schosser A: The metabolic fate of carisoprodol in the dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982; 138:21-27
  11. Cicero TJ, Adams EH, Geller A: A postmarketing program to monitor Ultram (tramadol) abuse in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999; 57:7-22
  12. Physicians' Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ, Medical Economics Co, 54th Ed, 2000, pp 2218-2220
  13. Goeringer KE, Logan BK, Christian GD: Identification of tramadol and its metabolites in blood from drug-related deaths and drug-impaired drivers. J Anal Toxicol 1997; 21:529-537
  14. Reeves RR, Carter OS, Pinkofsky HB: Use of carisoprodol by substance abusers to modify the effects of illicit drugs (Letter). South Med J 1999; 92:441
  15. Davis GG, Alexander CB: A review of carisoprodol deaths in Jefferson County, Alabama. South Med J 1998; 91:726-730
  16. Reeves RR, Carter OS, Pinkofsky HB, et al: Carisoprodol (Soma): abuse potential and physician unawareness. J Addict Dis 1999; 18:51-56